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Dental fluorosis (DF) is an endemic disease caused by excessive fluoride exposure during childhood. Previous studies mainly focused on the acid resistance of fluorotic enamel and failed to reach a consensus on the topic of the caries susceptibility of DF patients. In this review, we discuss the role of DF classification in assessing this susceptibility and follow the "four factors theory" in weighing the pros and cons of DF classification in terms of host factor (dental enamel and saliva), food factor, bacteria factor, and DF treatment factor. From our analysis, we find that susceptibility is possibly determined by various factors such as the extent of structural and chemical changes in fluorotic enamel, eating habits, fluoride levels in diets and in the oral cavity, changes in quantity and quality of saliva, and/or oral hygiene. Thus, a universal conclusion regarding caries susceptibility might not exist, instead depending on each individual's situation.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10091047 | DOI Listing |
Genes (Basel)
August 2025
Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal.
Dental caries is now recognised as a multifactorial disease shaped by complex interactions among genetic, epigenetic, microbiological, environmental, and social factors. This narrative review synthesises recent findings on the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors on caries susceptibility, exploring implications for personalised prevention strategies, including novel vaccine approaches. Numerous gene polymorphisms in pathways related to enamel formation, saliva composition, immune response, and taste perception have been linked to increased caries risk, with some effects modulated by sex and tooth-specific factors.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Mol Sci
August 2025
Department of Propaedeutic, Physical Diagnostics and Dental Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland.
This study evaluated the physicochemical and morphological properties of tooth enamel in patients with caries-predisposing SNPs (rs4694075 in and rs2337359 in genes), based on the DMFT index. We included 40 of 120 individuals (aged 19-43), collecting stimulated saliva and 58 healthy teeth extracted for orthodontic/surgical reasons. Saliva DNA was genotyped.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: While fluoride exposure is a well-established factor in the development of dental fluorosis (DF), individual variability in susceptibility suggests that additional factors may also contribute to its manifestation. The etiology of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH), in turn, is multifactorial and remains not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between MIH, dental fluorosis, caries, and polymorphisms in the AQP5, MMP2, and COMT genes in children exposed to high fluoride levels in drinking water.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDent J (Basel)
August 2025
Dental Public Health Department, Graduate and Research Division at the School of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
: Dental caries is the most prevalent oral condition worldwide. Consequences of untreated dental caries (CUDC) can range from pulp damage and soft tissue ulceration due to root debris to more severe issues, such as fistulas and abscesses. Rural communities might be more vulnerable to CUDC because of lower socioeconomic status, poorer access to healthcare, and lower education levels.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAm J Transl Res
July 2025
Department of Oral Surgery, Jiading District Teeth Disease Prevention and Treatment Institute Shanghai, China.
Objective: To investigate the effects of graded preventive measures in managing dental caries among young children.
Methods: A total of 319 children from three consecutive terms in the same grade enrolled in a public kindergarten (October 2019 to July 2021) were selected as the observation group. Oral health examinations were conducted biannually.