New Compounds and Phase Selection of Nickel Sulfides via Oxidation State Control in Molten Hydroxides.

Molten salts are promising reaction media candidates for the discovery of novel materials; however, they offer little control over oxidation state compared to aqueous solutions. Here, we demonstrated that when two hydroxides are mixed, their melts become fluxes with tunable solubility, which are surprisingly powerful solvents for ternary chalcogenides and offer effective paths for crystal growth to new compounds. We report that precise control of the oxidation state of Ni is achievable in mixed molten LiOH/KOH to grow single crystals of all known ternary K-Ni-S compounds. It is also possible to access several new phases, including a new polytope of β-KNiS, as well as low-valence KNiS and KNiS. KNiS is a two-dimensional low-valence nickel-rich sulfide, and β-KNiS has a hexagonal lattice. Moreover, using KNiS as a template, we obtained a new layered binary NiS by topotactic deintercalation of K. The new binary NiS has a van der Waals gap and can function as a new host layer for intercalation chemistry, as demonstrated by the intercalation of LiOH between its layers. The oxidation states of low-valence KNiS and NiS were studied using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculations showed large antibonding interactions at the Fermi level for both KNiS and NiS, corresponding to the flat-bands with large Ni-d character.