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http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000005144 | DOI Listing |
Intensive Care Med
September 2025
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No.99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, China.
Int J Surg
September 2025
Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, People's Republic of China.
Biom J
October 2025
Department of Medical Biometry, Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), Cologne, Germany.
Hazards constitute key quantities for analyzing, interpreting, and understanding time-to-event data. Hazards and corresponding effect measures, such as the hazard ratio from the Cox proportional hazards model, have a valid causal interpretation if the hazard function is considered as a function in time rather than hazards at specific time points. In this comment, we would like to add two points: (1) The hazard ratio is also a useful population-level estimand with a valid causal interpretation.
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