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Article Abstract
The identification and surgical closure of apical complex muscular ventricular septal defects remains a difficult problem because of their location in the ventricular septum distal to the moderating band. Three-dimensional reconstruction can help the surgeon to better understand the location and structure of congenital cardiac defects. We report the case of a child with multiple apical complex muscular ventricular septal defects closed through a hybrid approach with the aid of a 3-dimensional printed model.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.04.049 | DOI Listing |
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