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Adenosine is one of the most ancient signaling molecules and has receptors in both animals and plants. In mammals there are four specific receptors, A, A, A, and A, which belong to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Evidence accumulated in the last 20 years indicates that GPCRs are often expressed as oligomeric complexes formed by a number of equal (homomers) or different (heteromers) receptors. This review presents the data showing the occurrence of heteromers formed by A and A, A and A, and A and A receptors highlighting (i) their tetrameric structural arrangements, and (ii) the functional diversity that those heteromers provide to adenosinergic signaling.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-021-03761-6 | DOI Listing |
Nephrol Dial Transplant
September 2025
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Background: We investigated circulating protein profiles and molecular pathways among various chronic kidney disease (CKD) etiologies to study its underlying molecular heterogeneity.
Methods: We conducted a proteomic biomarker analysis in the DAPA-CKD trial recruiting adults with and without type 2 diabetes with an eGFR of 25 to 75 mL/min/1.73m2 and a UACR of 200 to 5000 mg/g.
Macromol Biosci
September 2025
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey.
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted the critical need for safe and effective vaccines. In this study, subunit nanovaccine formulations were developed using the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles composed of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL). Two surfactants, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and sodium cholate (SC), were evaluated during formulation via a modified water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion-solvent evaporation method.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Anim Sci
September 2025
Centre for Veterinary Systems Transformation and Sustainability, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria.
It is helpful for diagnostic purposes to improve our current knowledge of gut development and serum biochemistry in young piglets. This study investigated serum biochemistry, and gut site-specific patterns of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and expression of genes related to barrier function, innate immune response, antioxidative status and sensing of fatty and bile acids in suckling and newly weaned piglets. The experiment consisted of two replicate batches with 10 litters each.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJAMA Netw Open
September 2025
Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
JAMA Netw Open
September 2025
Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.