The tale of springs and streams: how different aquatic ecosystems impacted the mtDNA population structure of two riffle beetles in the Western Carpathians.

The Western Carpathians are a particularly interesting part of the Carpathian Arc. According to recent molecular data upon aquatic and terrestrial taxa, this mountain area is an important biodiversity hotspot of Europe. Moreover, the W Carpathians include rich systems of karst springs inhabited by specific fauna, where molecular diversity and phylogeographic patterns are yet to be fully explored. Our study aims to compare population genetic structure and molecular diversity of two related and commonly co-occurring riffle beetles, (PWJ Müller, 1806) and (Dufour, 1843) in the springs and streams of the W Carpathians using the mitochondrial DNA barcoding fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI). The relatively stable thermal and chemical conditions of springs throughout unfavourable climatic settings make these highly specific lotic systems potentially ideal for a long-term survival of some aquatic biota. Populations of both elmid species were relatively homogeneous genetically, with a single dominant haplotype. However, we revealed that significantly dominated in the springs, while preferred streams. Relative isolation of the springs and their stable conditions were reflected in significantly higher molecular diversity of the population in comparison to . The results of Bayesian Skyline Plot analysis also indicated the exceptional position of springs regarding maintaining the population size of . On the other hand, it seems that streams in the W Carpathians provide more effective dispersal channels for , whose population expanded much earlier compared to . Present study points out that different demographic histories of these two closely related elmid species are manifested by their different habitat preference and molecular diversity.