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Article Abstract
In seismology and ocean acoustics, the interface with the atmosphere is typically represented as a free surface. Similarly, these interfaces are considered as a rigid surface for infrasound propagation. This implies that seismic or acoustic waves are not transmitted into the atmosphere from subsurface sources, and vice versa. Nevertheless, infrasound generated by subsurface sources has been observed. In this work, seismo-acoustic modeling of infrasound propagation from underwater and underground sources will be presented. The fast field program (FFP) is used to model the seismo-acoustic coupling between the solid earth, the ocean, and the atmosphere under the variation of source and media parameters. The FFP model allows for a detailed analysis of the seismo-acoustic coupling mechanisms in frequency-wavenumber space. A thorough analysis of the coupling mechanisms reveals that evanescent wave coupling and leaky surface waves are the main energy contributors to long-range infrasound propagation. Moreover, it is found that source depth affects the relative amplitude of the tropospheric and stratospheric phases, which allows for source depth estimation in the future.
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Article Synopsis
- In spring 2018, infrasound sensor arrays in the southeastern US were used to analyze data during a storm front that caused multiple tornado touchdowns, with intensities ranging from EF-0 to EF-2.
- The sensors managed to accurately determine the locations of the tornadoes, detecting signals from over 100 km away, as well as earlier weaker signals from a convective storm cell that didn't produce tornadoes.
- The analysis revealed that the main infrasound signals from the tornadoes fell within a frequency range of 2 to 6 Hz, with atmospheric conditions impacting signal detection and requiring advanced signal processing methods to distinguish between multiple storm sources.