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Intense, mutually coherent beams of multiharmonic extreme ultraviolet light can now be created using seeded free-electron lasers, and the phase difference between harmonics can be tuned with attosecond accuracy. However, the absolute value of the phase is generally not determined. We present a method for determining precisely the absolute phase relationship of a fundamental wavelength and its second harmonic, as well as the amplitude ratio. Only a few easily calculated theoretical parameters are required in addition to the experimental data.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.213904 | DOI Listing |
Chem Sci
September 2025
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics and Centre of Single-Molecule Science, Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
The keto-enol tautomerism, involving a reversible isomerization of the molecule, plays a critical role in organic synthesis, biological activity, and molecular-scale charge transport. It is therefore essential to manipulate the process of keto-enol tautomerism. Unlike typical ketones, β-diketones exist dominantly in the enol form and it is a great challenge to realize enol-keto tautomerism due to the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the enol form.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFACS Appl Mater Interfaces
September 2025
Imec, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography has revolutionized the high-volume manufacturing of nanoscale components. The use of EUV light leads to ionization-driven chemistry in the imaging materials of lithography, the photoresists. The complex interplay of ionization, generation of primary/secondary electrons, and the subsequent chemical mechanisms that lead to image formation in photoresists has been notoriously difficult to study.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCurr Microbiol
August 2025
Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil.
Halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms, as members of the extremophile group, hold significant potential for both industrial applications and astrobiological research. Conventional microorganisms used in wastewater treatment and bioremediation often cannot withstand the high salinity present in industrial effluents and certain contaminated environments. Similarly, planetary environments such as those on Mars, Europa, and Enceladus are often considered inhospitable due to extreme salinity, temperatures, and radiation levels.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMicromachines (Basel)
July 2025
State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
This review examines the design of thermal control systems for state-of-the-art deep ultraviolet (DUV) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) projection lithography tools. The lithographic system under investigation integrates several critical subsystems along the optical transmission chain, including the light source, reticle stage, projection optics (featuring DUV refractive lenses and EUV multilayer mirrors), immersion liquid, wafer stage, and metrology systems. Under high-power irradiation conditions with concurrent thermal perturbations, the degradation of thermal stability and gradient uniformity within these subsystems significantly compromises exposure precision.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPharmaceutics
August 2025
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA.
: Previous research has demonstrated that 20 kHz probe or 37 kHz bath sonication of poloxamers comprising polypropylene glycol (PPG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) blocks can generate degradation byproducts that are toxic to mammalian cells and organisms. Herein, an investigation of a PEGylated phospholipid micelle was undertaken to identify low-molecular-weight sonolytic degradation byproducts that could be cytotoxic. The concern here lies with the fact that sonication is a frequently employed step in drug delivery manufacturing processes, during which PEGylated phospholipids can be subjected to shear forces and other extreme oxidative and thermal conditions.
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