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Rheology, the study of the flow and deformation of matter, can be a daunting subject for scientists new to this field. However, its importance in characterization and optimization of formulations is indisputable. This review intends to provide basic and practical rheological notions in order to better understand the key concepts such as shear stress, shear rate, viscosity, elastic and viscous moduli and phase angle, and learn to distinguish between flow and oscillation experiments. We will explain the different rheological behaviors such as shear thinning, thixotropy or viscoelasticity. Throughout this review, these concepts will be illustrated with examples taken from pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. Rheology is a broad subject and this review does not intend to be comprehensive, but rather to be concise and pedagogical.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190716110919 | DOI Listing |
J Cancer Res Clin Oncol
September 2025
Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
Targeted intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) delivers a single dose of radiation to a fresh tumour bed immediately after lumpectomy, commonly used to treat early breast cancer (EBC). It is delivered during the same sitting, with improved patient compliance and better sparing of adjacent healthy tissue, compared to conventional adjuvant radiotherapy to the whole breast. The recently published 12-year results (median follow up of 8.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEndocr Rev
September 2025
Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.
Glycerol and glycerol-3-phosphate are key metabolites at the intersection of carbohydrate, lipid and energy metabolism. Their production and usage are organismal and cell type specific. Glycerol has unique physicochemical properties enabling it to function as an osmolyte, protein structure stabilizer, antimicrobial and antifreeze agent, important to preservation of many biological functions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFood Sci Nutr
September 2025
Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science Hampton University Hampton Virginia USA.
Lemon balm (), a perennial herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is widely recognized for its medicinal properties and therapeutic benefits. This review offers a detailed exploration of the botanical features, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological uses of , highlighting key bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids (including rosmarinic and caffeic acids), flavonoids, essential oils (such as citral and citronellal), and triterpenoids (ursolic and oleanolic acids). Advanced extraction techniques, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), have greatly improved the efficiency of extraction, the preservation of bioactivity, and the sustainability of acquiring these bioactive compounds.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Appl Toxicol
September 2025
Department of Drug and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland.
Phenothiazine derivatives have been used for decades as antipsychotic drugs in multiple mental health and physical conditions treatment (schizophrenia, mania in bipolar disorder, and psychosis). Epidemiological studies have shown that people with schizophrenia are less likely to suffer from cancer, which indicates the ability of antipsychotics to inhibit the development of cancer cells. It is our third review about the impact of phenothiazine derivatives on cell death.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEur J Pharm Biopharm
September 2025
RaDes GmbH, Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany. Electronic address:
Polysorbate 20 (PS20) is one of the most commonly used non-ionic surfactants in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food products. Considered as biocompatible and non-irritating, it is further valued for its solubilising and protein stabilising properties. PS20 is manufactured through a multi-stage reaction of sorbitol with various fatty acids and ethylene oxide, resulting in a complex mixture of components with different molecular weights and polarity.
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