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The Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF) paradigm is a well-acknowledged procedure to assess socio-emotional regulation in healthy and at-risk infants. Although it was developed mainly for research purposes, the FFSF paradigm has potential clinical implications for the assessment of socio-emotional regulation of infants with neurodevelopmental disabilities (ND) and to supporting parenting. The present paper describes the application of the FFSF paradigm as an evaluation and intervention tool in clinical practice with infants with ND and their parents. Theoretical and methodological insights for the use of the FFSF paradigm in the clinical setting are provided. Single-case vignettes from clinical practice further illustrate and provide exemplifications for the use of the FFSF with infants with ND and their parents. From a clinical point of view, the use of the FFSF paradigm (1) offers a unique observational perspective on socio-emotional regulation in infants with ND and (2) enhances parents' sensitivity to their infants' behavior. The FFSF paradigm appears to be a useful tool for clinical assessment of socio-emotional regulation in infants with ND and promote the quality of parenting and early parent-infant interaction.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5972309 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00789 | DOI Listing |
Early Hum Dev
August 2025
Center for Psychology at University of Porto (CPUP), Porto, Portugal; Lisbon School of Education/CIED, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address:
A growing literature shows that fathers play a critical role in their children's development and mental health. However, few studies have evaluated fathers as caregivers and attachment figures, particularly across cultures. We address this gap by investigating specific predictors of infant-father attachment patterns during the first year postpartum and their links to infant-father attachment at 12 months.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInfancy
May 2025
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University- Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
Positive social bidding refers to moments when infants look at an unresponsive caregiver and try to re-engage the social partner via smiling and/or vocalizing. Prior to six months of age, there is considerable variability in the extent to which infants engage in positive social bidding. In this study we explore whether infants' and mothers' cardiac vagal tone is associated with these individual differences.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Psychol
March 2025
Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
Background: During the still-face (SF) episode of the Face-to-Face Still-Face paradigm (FFSF), mothers are instructed to remain still, unresponsive, and silent. However, some participants do not comply with these instructions, and researchers typically exclude them from their analyses. These mothers report feelings of anxiety and discomfort during SF.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Psychol
January 2025
Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
Introduction: Children with neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDs) display several developmental impairments across various domains that impact parent-child interactions, emphasizing the need for effective early interventions. This multi-centric study aimed to evaluate the impact of video-feedback intervention (VFI) on enhancing maternal behavior (i.e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPsychoneuroendocrinology
February 2025
Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.
Maternal capabilities to engage in sensitive caregiving are important for infant development and mother-infant-interaction, however, can be negatively affected by cortisol due to a stress response. Previous research suggested that cortisol possibly impairs cognitive functions important for caregiving behavior, which potentially leads to less maternal sensitivity. However, studies investigating the influence of cortisol using endocrine parameters on the mother-infant-interaction during the early postpartum are lacking.
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