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Resilience of cocoa agroforestry vs. full sun under extreme climatic conditions. In the specific case of our study, the two shade tree species associated with cocoa resulted in strong competition for water and became a disadvantage to the cocoa plants contrary to expected positive effects.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14044 | DOI Listing |
BMC Ecol Evol
September 2025
Laboratório de Marcadores Moleculares, Centro de Biotecnologia E Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil.
Deforestation in the Atlantic Forest has reached critical levels, threatening multiple levels of biodiversity. In these deforested landscapes, conservation strategies could benefit from preserving agroforestry systems known as Cabruca, a traditional method of cultivating cocoa under a canopy of native trees. In this context, Cariniana legalis (Jequitibá-rosa), an endemic tree species of the Atlantic Forest listed as endangered, was selected to evaluate the role of cocoa agroforests (Cabrucas) and forest remnants in the genetic conservation of this species.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe use of organic pesticides to reduce insect and disease infestations and boost agricultural productivity can minimize the health and environmental costs of synthetic pesticides. However, adoption remains slow, and barriers and drivers influencing their uptake among cocoa farmers across different ecological zones are unclear. Grounded in the Diffusion of Innovations Theory, this study investigated perceptions, drivers, barriers, and strategies to enhance organic pesticide adoption among cocoa farmers in two ecological zones.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS One
August 2025
UPR Forêts et Sociétés, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.
Cocoa cultivation in West Africa has been a major driver of deforestation, leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions and threatening cocoa yields. Agroforestry, which integrates trees from various origins-remnant, spontaneous, and planted-presents a sustainable solution to enhance carbon sequestration and improve farm resilience. However, the specific contributions of these tree origins and the socio-environmental factors shaping their effectiveness remain poorly understood.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAoB Plants
August 2025
ABSys, University of Montpellier, CIHEAM-IAMM, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
Agroforestry is a major adaptation and mitigation strategy facing climate warming, but its agronomic viability depends on actual plant responses to shade conditions. Growing fruit trees under dominant trees may reduce the risks related to extreme climatic events, such as frost or heat waves. Nonetheless, except for some sciaphilous plants, such as coffee or cacao, their physiological and architectural responses to agroforestry conditions are little known, especially in temperate climate.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntegrating shade trees into cocoa farms potentially reduces the environmental cost of cocoa production and enhances their conservation value. However, it is unclear how farmers' shade trees preferences vary across cocoa production stage and how these preferences influence biodiversity conservation outcomes, including tree species at risk. Therefore, grounded in the Social-Ecological Systems framework, we collected data from 363 cocoa farmers via questionnaire-led interviews and farmer responses regarding shade tree preferences and knowledge using linear mixed-effects models, cluster analysis, and mean rating scores.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF