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During forebrain development, a telencephalic organizer called the cortical hem is crucial for inducing hippocampal fate in adjacent cortical neuroepithelium. How the hem is restricted to its medial position is therefore a fundamental patterning issue. Here, we demonstrate that - interactions are crucial for the formation of the hem. Loss of either gene causes a region of the cortical neuroepithelium to transform into hem. We show that FOXG1 regulates expression in the cortical primordium. In the absence of , the presence of is sufficient to suppress hem fate, and hippocampal markers appear selectively in -expressing regions. FOXG1 also restricts the temporal window in which loss of results in a transformation of cortical primordium into hem. Therefore, and form a genetic hierarchy in the spatiotemporal regulation of cortical hem specification and positioning, and together ensure the normal development of this hippocampal organizer.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.154583 | DOI Listing |
Front Mol Neurosci
June 2025
Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
Introduction: Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder; seizures and hyperexcitability are its defining features in the central nervous system (CNS). The condition known as status epilepticus (SE) can be fatal, as it involves seizures occurring. Epilepsy is typically treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) like carbamazepine (CBZ).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiol Open
July 2025
Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada.
The choroid plexuses (ChPs) are modified epithelial structures that penetrate all four cerebral ventricles and secrete cerebrospinal fluid. They consist of a central stroma that is vascularized with fenestrated blood vessels and connective tissue. The ChPs are of dual embryonic origin, with forebrain neuroepithelial cells contributing to the epithelial component and mesenchymal cells contributing to the stromal cells.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBrain Struct Funct
June 2025
Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38200, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain.
Cortical Cajal-Retzius cells (CRc) are the main source of Reelin and essential for radial migration. We studied the development of cells expressing Reelin, Tbr1, p73 and calretinin in pig neocortex from E35 to P30. CRc originated around E35 from the cortical hem and filled the marginal zone (MZ).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Crohns Colitis
April 2025
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Background And Aims: This post hoc analysis evaluated the corticosteroid-sparing effects of risankizumab (RZB) therapy in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis in the phase 3 induction and maintenance studies, INSPIRE and COMMAND.
Methods: Patients were randomized (2:1) to 12 weeks of intravenous RZB or placebo (PBO) induction therapy; responders to intravenous RZB were randomized (1:1:1) to receive subcutaneous RZB 180 mg, 360 mg, or PBO (RZB withdrawal) maintenance therapy. Baseline corticosteroid doses were maintained during induction, with a mandatory taper beginning at maintenance week 0.
Commun Biol
February 2025
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany.
Brain tumors are commonly treated with radiotherapy, but the efficacy of the treatment is limited by its toxicity to the normal tissue including post-irradiation contrast enhanced lesions often linked to necrosis. The poorly understood mechanisms behind such brain lesions were studied using cerebral organoids. Here we show that irradiation of such organoids leads to dose-dependent growth retardation and formation of liquid-filled cavities but is not correlated with necrosis.
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