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The experiments reported in this research paper describe the effects of β-galactosidase enzyme dose and cheese whey amount, on the maximum concentration and yield of galacto-oligosaccahride (GOS) and reaction time. The experimental plan was based on central composite rotational design (CCRD) and modelled by response surface methodology (RSM). The results indicate that the proposed mathematical models could adequately describe the concentration and yield of GOS and the reaction time within the limits of the factors that are being investigated. The variance analysis shows high values of coefficients of determination (>0·97) while no significant lack of fit was evident. Hence, the models could be employed to select reaction conditions applied in the manufacture of products enriched in bioactive compounds with high value-added.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022029917000541 | DOI Listing |
J Comput Neurosci
September 2025
School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) enables non-invasive modulation of brain activity, holding promise for cognitive research and clinical applications. However, it remains unclear how the spiking activity of cortical neurons is modulated by specific electric field (E-field) distributions. Here, we use a multi-scale computational framework that integrates an anatomically accurate head model with morphologically realistic neuron models to simulate the responses of layer 5 pyramidal cells (L5 PCs) to the E-fields generated by conventional M1-SO tACS.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnviron Sci Pollut Res Int
September 2025
M. Kumarasamy College of Engineering, Karur, 639113, Tamil Nadu, India.
Energy production from renewable resources remains a leading focus in sustainable power generation. Recently, bifacial photovoltaic (BPV) systems have gained global attention for their enhanced energy yield. In this study, seashell waste was repurposed as an alternative reflector material for BPV modules.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnal Bioanal Chem
September 2025
Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Public Health, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
This work presents the development of a highly sensitive, selective, and efficient aptamer-based fluorescent sensor for detecting cortisol in human urine. Carbon quantum dots-nucleic acid aptamer (CQDs-Apt) synthesized with excellent photoluminescent properties and stability, were selected as the fluorescent probe. In the presence of MoS-NSs, CQDs-Apt adsorbed onto the surface of MoS-NSs via electrostatic and π-π interactions, leading to strong and rapid fluorescence quenching due to static quenching mechanism between them.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFACS Appl Mater Interfaces
September 2025
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States.
Distinctive polymer brushes (PBs) play a crucial role in providing a nonpreferential (neutral) surface for vertical orientation of block copolymers (BCPs). This bottom-up approach effectively aligns the formation of vertical lamellar and cylinder lattice structures from the BCP, which is crucial for nanopatterning and other applications. In conventional BCP self-assembly techniques, random copolymer brushes are commonly employed to achieve substrate neutrality.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFISME J
September 2025
Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics Unit, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
Although ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are globally distributed in nature, growth in biofilms has been relatively little explored. Here we investigated six representatives of three different terrestrial and marine clades of AOA in a longitudinal and quantitative study for their ability to form biofilm, and studied gene expression patterns of three representatives. Although all strains grew on a solid surface, soil strains of the genera Nitrosocosmicus and Nitrososphaera exhibited the highest capacity for biofilm formation.
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