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The elementary concepts involved with stoichiometry are considered from different viewpoints. Some examples of approximate calculations made according to the stoichiometric scheme are indicated, and correct resolution of the problems involved is presented. The principles of balancing chemical equations, based on their apparent similarities with algebraic equations, are criticized. The review concerns some peculiarities inherent in chemical reaction notation and its use (and abuse) in stoichiometric calculations that provide inconsistent results for various reasons. This "conventional" approach to stoichiometry is put in context with the generalized approach to electrolytic systems (GATES) established by Michałowski. The article contains a number of proposals that could potentially be taken into account and included in the next edition of the Orange Book. Notation of ions used in this article is not, deliberately, in accordance with actual IUPAC requirements in this respect. This article is intended to be provocative with the hope that some critical debate around the important topics treated should be generated and creatively expanded in the scientific community.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2014.937852 | DOI Listing |
Glob Chang Biol
June 2025
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
Ecological stoichiometry theory predicts that prolonged nitrogen (N) deposition exacerbates phosphorus (P) limitation in terrestrial primary production. However, this hypothesis remains untested using canopy N addition (CN) experiments that consider critical canopy processes. In a 10-year CN and understory N addition (UN) experiment in P limited subtropical forests, CN unexpectedly increased plant biomass and P uptake while reducing soil microbial P, alleviating plant P limitation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEcology
April 2025
Department of Biology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont, USA.
Trait-based approaches to study biodiversity responses to changing environmental conditions have become popular because these approaches provide context to how and why certain taxa shift in abundance within an assemblage. Trait-based approaches also offer the potential to link shifts in assemblage composition to effects on ecosystem functions like rates of primary production, detrital decomposition, and nutrient uptake. However, focusing on response traits in multidimensional functional diversity studies limits our ability to make these linkages.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Commun
April 2025
National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
The α6β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is found in the sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia. It is a promising therapeutic target for pain. However, the difficultly of heterologous functional expression of α6β4 receptor has hindered the discovery of drugs that target it.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProc Natl Acad Sci U S A
March 2025
Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark.
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) carries out the lipolytic processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) along the luminal surface of capillaries. LPL activity is regulated by the angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, ANGPTL8), which control the delivery of TRL-derived lipid nutrients to tissues in a temporal and spatial fashion. This regulation of LPL mediates the partitioning of lipid delivery to adipose tissue and striated muscle according to nutritional status.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Membr Biol
April 2025
Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S. W. Sam Jackson Park Road, L452, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
Trans-membrane water transport and co-transport is ubiquitous in cell biology. Integrated over all the cell's HO transporters and co-transporters, the rate of homeostatic, bidirectional trans-cytolemmal water "exchange" is synchronized with the metabolic rate of the crucial Na,K-ATPase (NKA) enzyme: the active trans-membrane water cycling (AWC) phenomenon. Is AWC futile, or is it consequential? Conservatively representative literature metabolomic and proteinomic results enable comprehensive free energy (ΔG) calculations for the many transport reactions with known water stoichiometries.
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