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Smallpox vaccination of health care workers, military personnel, and some first responders has begun in the United States in 2002-2003 as one aspect of biopreparedness. Full understanding of the spectrum of adverse events and of their cause, frequency, identification, prevention, and treatment is imperative. This article describes known and suspected adverse events occurring after smallpox vaccination.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/375825 | DOI Listing |
Clin Infect Dis
September 2025
Section of Epidemiology, Alaska Division of Public Health, Anchorage, Alaska, USA.
Background: Borealpox virus (previously known as Alaskapox virus) is an Orthopoxvirus species first identified in a patient living near Fairbanks, Alaska, in 2015; the source of the patient's infection was unknown. Six additional borealpox cases have been identified through 2023.
Methods: We conducted interviews to ascertain travel history and potential exposures for the six patients, trapped small mammals for orthopoxvirus testing, and performed a phylogenetic analysis of viral DNA sequences.
Can Commun Dis Rep
August 2025
Public Health Agency of Canada.
Background: In Canada in 2020, the indication for use of Imvamune was expanded to include immunization against smallpox, mpox and related infection and disease in adults who are 18 years of age and older and determined to be at high risk for exposure.
Methods: Since the introduction of this new use for the vaccine and throughout the 2022 mpox outbreaks, the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) has closely monitored the safety of the Imvamune vaccine through the Canadian Adverse Events Following Immunization Surveillance System (CAEFISS).
Results: This article describes reports of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) after administration of Imvamune, submitted to the CAEFISS database between May 24, 2022 and December 11, 2022, during the activation of Canada's emergency response.
PLoS Med
September 2025
Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
Background: Limited mpox vaccination coverage, declining cross-protection from historical smallpox vaccination campaigns, and persistent zoonotic reservoirs leave many sub-Saharan countries susceptible to mpox outbreaks. With millions of vaccine doses made available to the region since late 2024 and the absence of country-specific guidelines for allocation, estimating the country-specific impact of one-time mass vaccination strategies is necessary for ongoing outbreaks and other countries at future risk.
Methods And Findings: We adapted a next generation matrix model to project disease transmission potential for 47 sub-Saharan countries from 2025 to 2050 under four transmission scenarios with different contributions of community versus sexual contacts.
Ann Med Surg (Lond)
September 2025
Department of Research, Toufik's World Organization, Sumy, Ukraine.
In 2022, the presumption of monkeypox (mpox) to be of limited epidemiology shifted when a global outbreak was announced. Being a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family, it'd been reported in over 82 countries with over 17 000 confirmed cases by July 2022, thus showing its capability for spreading rapidly. As the smallpox vaccine offers 85% cross-immunity against mpox, the outbreak highlighted the attenuation of global immunity against orthopoxviruses after the cessation of vaccination campaigns against smallpox.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFImmunology
September 2025
National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health Commissions, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
Traditional DNA vaccines, typically administered via intramuscular injection with electroporation (IM-E), often cause discomfort and require trained personnel. Addressing these challenges, we developed multivalent DNA vaccines targeting both intracellular mature virion (IMV) and extracellular enveloped virion (EEV) proteins of the monkeypox virus (MPXV), designated as M2 (A29L, B6R), M3 (A29L, B6R, M1R) and M4 (A29L, B6R, M1R, A35R). These vaccine constructs were formulated into dissolvable microneedle array patches (D-MAPs) for intradermal delivery.
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