Conserved role of the SERK-BIR module in development and immunity across land plants.

SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASES (SERKs), which are subfamily II of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), play diverse roles in development and immunity in the angiosperm Arabidopsis thaliana. AtSERKs act as co-receptors for many LRR-RLKs, including BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) and FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2). The conserved tyrosine (Y) residue in AtSERK3 is crucial for signaling specificity in differentiating BRI1- and FLS2-mediated pathways.

A unique structure of bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein with double-stranded DNA in low-salt conditions is distinguished by antibodies.

Bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein (gp32) preferentially binds to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to facilitate DNA replication but shows weak binding to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against gp32 were raised, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to evaluate their reactivities against gp32. The reactivity of the monoclonal antibody MGP45 was diminished in the presence of 5 ng/mL dsDNA, suggesting a conformational change that reduces epitope availability.

Monoclonal antibodies against jellyfish collagen.

Collagens are abundant structural proteins found in both mammalian and marine species, and attractive biomaterials used in various fields. Jellyfish collagen-based products have become increasingly popular because of their clinically proven health benefits such as the effects of skin wound healing and immune stimulation. To develop detection tools for jellyfish collagen, we generated four monoclonal antibodies, MCOL1, 2, 3, and 4, by immunizing mice with moon jellyfish collagen.

Control of stem cell behavior by CLE-JINGASA signaling in the shoot apical meristem in Marchantia polymorpha.

Land plants undergo indeterminate growth by the activity of meristems in both gametophyte (haploid) and sporophyte (diploid) generations. In the sporophyte of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the apical meristems are located at the shoot and root tips in which a number of regulatory gene homologs are shared for their development, implying deep evolutionary origins. However, little is known about their functional conservation with gametophytic meristems in distantly related land plants such as bryophytes, even though genomic studies have revealed that the subfamily-level diversity of regulatory genes is mostly conserved throughout land plants.

Expression analysis of gibberellin-regulated protein in peach by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR.

Gibberellin-regulated protein (GRP) is a fruit severe allergen. The amounts of GRP expression normalized against actin in peach were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The results were consistent with those determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Evolution of meristem zonation by CLE gene duplication in land plants.

In angiosperms, a negative feedback pathway involving CLAVATA3 (CLV3) peptide and WUSCHEL transcription factor maintains the stem-cell population in the shoot apical meristem and is central for continued shoot growth and organogenesis. An intriguing question is how this cell-signalling system was established during the evolution of land plants. On the basis of two recent studies on CLV3/ESR-related (CLE) genes, this paper proposes a model for the evolution of meristem zonation.

Determination of Severe Peach Allergens, Gibberellin-Regulated Protein, and Lipid Transfer Protein, Using Monoclonal Antibodies.

In this study, monoclonal antibodies against two major fruit allergens-gibberellin-regulated protein (GRP) and lipid transfer protein (LTP)-were established. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the quantification of peach GRP and LTP were constructed using these antibodies. Both ELISAs reacted with the respective antigens when heated at 100ºC for 20 min, but not when reduced with sodium sulfite, indicating that GRP and LTP are heat-stable, while disulfide bonds play an important role in their native steric structures.

Plant-Growth-Promoting Effect by Cell Components of Purple Non-Sulfur Photosynthetic Bacteria.

, a purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacterium (PNSB), was disrupted by sonication and fractionated by centrifugation into the supernatant and pellet. The effects of the supernatant and pellet on plant growth were examined using var. (komatsuna) in the pot experiments.

CLAVATA3, a plant peptide controlling stem cell fate in the meristem.

CLAVATA3 (CLV3) is a peptide signal initially identified in the analysis of clv mutants in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, as a regulator of meristem homeostasis and floral organ numbers. CLV3 homologs are widely conserved in land plants, collectively called CLV3/ESR-related (CLE) genes. A 12-amino acid CLE peptide with hydroxyproline residues was identified in Zinnia elegans cell culture system, in which cells secrete a CLE peptide called tracheary element differentiation factor (TDIF) into the culture medium.

An Evolutionarily Conserved Coreceptor Gene Is Essential for CLAVATA Signaling in .

Growth and development of land plants are controlled by CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) family of peptide hormones. In contrast to the genetic diversity of CLE family in flowering plants, the liverwort possesses a minimal set of CLE, MpCLE1(TDIF homolog), and MpCLE2 (CLV3 homolog). MpCLE1 and MpCLE2 peptides exert distinct function at the apical meristem of gametophyte via specific receptors, MpTDIF RECEPTOR (MpTDR) and MpCLAVATA1 (MpCLV1), respectively, both belonging to the subclass XI of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs).

ZEITLUPE enhances expression of PIF4 and YUC8 in the upper aerial parts of Arabidopsis seedlings to positively regulate hypocotyl elongation.

Microarray and genetic analyses reveal that ZTL induces the expression of genes related to auxin synthesis, thereby promoting hypocotyl elongation. ZTL is a blue-light receptor that possesses a light-oxygen-voltage-sensing (LOV) domain, an F-box motif, and a kelch repeat domain. ZTL promotes hypocotyl elongation under high temperature (28 °C) in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, the mechanism of this regulation is unknown.

Induction of Multichotomous Branching by CLAVATA Peptide in Marchantia polymorpha.

A key innovation in land plants was the evolution of meristems with stem cells possessing multiple cutting faces (division planes) from which three-dimensional growth is derived in both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) generations [1-3]. Within each meristem exists a pool of stem cells that must be maintained at a relatively constant size for development to occur appropriately [4-6]. In flowering plants, stem cells of the diploid generation are maintained by CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) peptide signaling [7, 8].

Simultaneous Detection of Six Different Types of Pesticides by an Immunosensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance.

Six pesticides, azoxystrobin, boscalid, chlorfenapyr, imazalil, isoxathion, and nitenpyram, were simultaneously detected by using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor. The working ranges were 3.5 - 19 ng/mL for azoxystrobin, 4.

Recombinant thrombomodulin prevented hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting high-mobility group box 1 in rats.

Recombinant thrombomodulin (rTM) is a novel anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits secretion of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) from liver. We evaluated the protective effects of rTM on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Ischemia was induced by clamping the portal vein and hepatic artery of left lateral and median lobes of the liver.

Development of a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of the fungicide mepanipyrim and its metabolite.

A direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dc-ELISA) was developed for determination of anilinopyrimidine fungicide mepanipyrim in vegetables. Two derivatives of mepanipyrim and mepanipyrim propanol type metabolite which carried carboxy acid were synthesized and conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin. BALB/c mice were immunized to prepare anti-mepanipyrim monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) by obtained conjugates.

Diverse function of plant peptide hormones in local signaling and development.

Peptide hormones have emerged as an important class of signaling molecules that mediate developmental signals between plant cells. Membrane-bound receptors bind specific extracellular peptide ligands to mediate communication between cells. In this review, we summarize novel peptide hormones identified in recent studies with an emphasis on their molecular structures.

Control of proliferation in the haploid meristem by CLE peptide signaling in Marchantia polymorpha.

The homeostasis of meristems in flowering plants is maintained by cell-to-cell communication via CLE (CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related) peptide hormones. In contrast, cell signals that regulate meristem activity remains elusive in bryophytes that maintain apical meristems in the gametophyte (haploid) body and undergo a gametophyte-dominant life cycle. We here show that MpCLE1 confines the proliferative activity of gametophytic meristem and affects the overall size of gametangiophores (reproductive organs) in Marchantia polymorpha, which is in sharp contrast with the meristem-promoting function of its ortholog TDIF/CLE41/CLE44 in Arabidopsis vascular meristems.

Inositol hexaphosphate-induced cellular response in myeloid leukemia cells is mediated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activation.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, in inositol hexaphosphate (IP6)-induced metabolic disruption in human leukemia PLB-985 cells.

Methods: PLB-985 and X chromosome linked gene knockout (X-CGD) cells were treated with 5, 10, or 20 mM IP6 for 24 to 72 h. Cell growth was assayed using a highly water-soluble tetrazolium salt.

Development of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Analysis of Total Aflatoxins Based on Monoclonal Antibody Reactive with Aflatoxins B, B, G and G.

A direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dc-ELISA) was developed for the determination of total amount of aflatoxin B, B, G and G (AFB, AFB, AFG and AFG), using a mouse monoclonal antibody that shows similar reactivity to each of these AFs. The working range of the developed dc-ELISA was 50-230 pg/mL for AFB, 50-270 pg/mL for AFB, 60-390 pg/mL for AFG and 65-700 pg/mL for AFG. The recovery of AFs from spiked roasted peanuts was 98％.

3D Body Evolution: Adding a New Dimension to Colonize the Land.

Complex multicellular plant bodies evolved in both generations of land plants. A new study demonstrates that CLAVATA3-like peptides function via conserved receptors in Physcomitrella patens as key molecules for morphological innovation of 3D growth in land plants.

Development of an Immunosensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance for Simultaneous Residue Analysis of Three Pesticides -Boscalid, Clothianidin, and Nitenpyram- in Vegetables.

A simultaneous immunosensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was developed for determination of 3 pesticides -boscalid, clothianidin and nitenpyram- instead of the direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (dcELISAs) widely used as individual determination methods. Carboxy groups that introduced compounds to their pesticides were designed, and conjugates of them and bovine serum albumin were immobilized onto separate channels of the same sensor chip. When a mixture of 3 monoclonal antibodies reacted to each pesticide, and 3 pesticides were injected into the SPR immunosensor, each channel showed specific reactivity at 15 - 93 ng mL for boscalid, 6.

Insights into Land Plant Evolution Garnered from the Marchantia polymorpha Genome.

The evolution of land flora transformed the terrestrial environment. Land plants evolved from an ancestral charophycean alga from which they inherited developmental, biochemical, and cell biological attributes. Additional biochemical and physiological adaptations to land, and a life cycle with an alternation between multicellular haploid and diploid generations that facilitated efficient dispersal of desiccation tolerant spores, evolved in the ancestral land plant.

Mechanisms and Strategies Shaping Plant Peptide Hormones.

Plant genomes encode a variety of short peptides acting as signaling molecules. Since the discovery of tomato systemin, a myriad of peptide signals, ranging in size, structure and modifications, have been found in plants. Moreover, new peptides are still being identified.

Cryptic bioactivity capacitated by synthetic hybrid plant peptides.

Evolution often diversifies a peptide hormone family into multiple subfamilies, which exert distinct activities by exclusive interaction with specific receptors. Here we show that systematic swapping of pre-existing variation in a subfamily of plant CLE peptide hormones leads to a synthetic bifunctional peptide that exerts activities beyond the original subfamily by interacting with multiple receptors. This approach provides new insights into the complexity and specificity of peptide signalling.