Global, regional, and national temporal trend in burden of chronic respiratory diseases from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

Background: Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease (ILD), and pulmonary sarcoidosis, continue to pose a significant global health challenge. This study aims to assess the global, regional, and national burden of CRDs from 1990 to 2021, using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 to identify key trends and advise future public health strategies.

Methods: Data from the GBD 2021 were used to estimate the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of CRDs and their subtypes across 21 global regions and 204 countries and regions from 1990 to 2021.

A unique gating mechanism revealed by the cryo-EM structure of monomeric ATP9A flippase.

Among mammalian P4-ATPase flippases, only ATP9A and ATP9B do not require the auxiliary subunit CDC50 protein. Whilst its yeast homologue, Neo1, is essential for cell survival, little is known about mammalian ATP9A. We present cryo-EM structures of human monomeric ATP9A at a resolution reaching to 2.