Electrochemical on-surface synthesis of a strong electron-donating graphene nanoribbon catalyst.

On-surface synthesis of edge-functionalized graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) has attracted much attention. However, producing such GNRs on a large scale through on-surface synthesis under ultra-high vacuum on thermally activated metal surfaces has been challenging. This is mainly due to the decomposition of functional groups at temperatures of 300 to 500 °C and limited monolayer GNR growth based on the metal catalysis.

Changes of ECM and CAM gene expression profile in the cirrhotic liver after HCV infection: analysis by cDNA expression array.

Aim: We aimed to observe the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) in cirrhotic liver tissues after hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

Methods: Twelve patients with post HCV inflammatory liver cirrhosis were selected to evaluate their liver function and other virological, pathological parameters. Then three specimens of cirrhotic patients whose health assessment results and laboratory data were similar and three normal liver specimens explanted from liver grafts prepared for liver transplantation were chosen for investigating gene expression of ECM and CAM using cDNA expression array.