Neuroendoscopy Training.

Neuroendoscopy can be learnt by assisting or doing live human surgery, cadaver dissection with or without augmented pulsatile vessel and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) perfusion, and practicing on live animal, dead animal model, synthetic models, three-dimensional printing model with or without augmentation with animal, cadaver tissue, pulsatile vessel and reconstructed CSF model, virtual reality (VR) simulator, and hybrid simulators (combined physical model and VR model). Neurosurgery skill laboratory with basic and advanced learning should be there in all teaching hospitals. Skills can be transferred from simulation model or VR to cadaver to live surgery.

Endoscopic Management of Chronic Subdural Hematoma Using a Novel Brain Retractor.

Background: Endoscopic procedures are useful in chronic subdural hematoma especially when there are septations, solid/organized hematoma, and the presence of bridging or neovessels in the cavity. Visualizing the distal hematoma cavity by a rigid scope is challenging in large and curved ones due to the hindrance by the brain surface. Combining rigid endoscopy and brain retractor can overcome this limitation.

Effect of Vaccination on COVID-19 Severity and Outcome: A Comparative Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Introduction: Vaccination is an important aspect of preventing/decreasing the severity of any viral disease including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). This disease being very new in the experience of mankind has very little data on the effect of vaccination on the severity of this disease. We conducted this study with the primary objective to assess the severity and clinical outcome of COVID-19 infections among nonvaccinated and vaccinated individuals.

Seventh Cervical Nerve (C7) Transection for Spastic Arm Paralysis After Cerebral Injury.

Background: Spastic limb paralysis because of cerebral injury can cause long-term disability. Its treatment varies from conservative to operative; however, the optimum treatment is yet to be found.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that patients with spastic arm paralysis who receive C7 nerve transection to their paralyzed side might have reduction in spasticity, pain, and improvement in arm function.

Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy - A Review.

Background: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) has become a proven modality for treating obstructive and selected cases of communicating hydrocephalus.

Objective: This review aims to summarize the indications, preoperative workup, surgical technique, results, postoperative care, complications, advantages, and limitations of an ETV.

Materials And Methods: A thorough review of PubMed and Google Scholar was performed.

Endoscopic-Assisted C2 Transverse Process Mass Excision.

Background And Introduction: C2 transverse process exostoses are rare lesions. Due to critical structures surrounding them, their excision is challenging. There are sparse reports of anterior retropharyngeal approach (ARPA) for high-cervical transverse process mass and none for endoscopic ARPA approach.

Endoscope-controlled Access to Thalamic Tumors using Tubular Brain Retractor: An Alternative Approach to Microscopic Excision.

Background:  Surgery for thalamic lesions has been considered challenging due to their deep-seated location. Endoscopic excision of deep-seated brain tumors using tubular retractor has been shown to be safe and effective in prior studies; however, there are limited reports regarding its use for thalamic tumors. We present our experience of endoscope-controlled resection of thalamic tumors using a tubular retractor.

Teaching Glasgow Coma Scale Assessment by Videos: A Prospective Interventional Study among Surgical Residents.

 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) assessment is vital for the management of various neurological, neurosurgical, and critical care disorders. Learning GCS scoring needs good training and practice. Due to limitation of teachers, the new entrants of the clinical team find it difficult to learn and use it correctly.

The Effect of Aerosolized Chlorpheniramine Maleate on Exercise Induced Bronchospasm and Gas Exchange in Asthmatics.

Introduction: Exercise induced asthma (EIB) is an acute, reversible, usually selflimiting airways obstruction which sets in after exercise in patients with asthma. One popular mechanism of EIA is the increase in histamine and its metabolites in circulation after exercise, which leads to bronchoconstriction via histamine receptors in bronchi. Chlorpheniramine Maleate is potent, less sedative antihistaminic drug, which acts by inhibiting histamine release from mast cells.

Computerized Tomography-Based Morphometric Analysis of Cervical Spinal Canal in Central Indian Population.

 Normal cervical spine canal morphometry is critical for understanding the pathology of certain diseases and for proper preoperative planning. Computerized tomography (CT) scan can replace older conventional radiography techniques by providing more accurate morphometric measurements. This study was aimed to find out various dimensions of the cervical spinal canal of central Indian population.

Endoscopic Management of Chronic Subdural Hematoma.

Background:  Twist drill evacuation, burr hole aspiration, mini-craniotomy, and craniotomy are some of the surgical methods to remove chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). Endoscopic treatment was also recently found to be useful.

Methods:  We conducted a prospective study of 72 hematomas in 68 patients.

Practical Aspects and Avoidance of Complications in Microendoscopic Spine Surgeries: A Review.

Introduction:  Although the indications for endoscopic procedures have increased in recent times, there are also some limitations. This review discusses the practical points to prevent and treat complications in microendoscopic spine surgery.

Material And Methods:  A literature search was conducted for the relevant articles after a topic search on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medline.

A Rare Case of Giant Primary Orbital Hydatid Cyst.

Background: Primary orbital involvement is extremely rare in echinococcosis. We report a case of giant orbital hydatid cyst in a 15-year-old boy.

Case Description: A 15-year-old boy presented with left-side proptosis and gradual painless vision loss.

Endoscopic surgery of spontaneous basal ganglionic hemorrhage.

Introduction: Although there are controversies about the optimal management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), benefits of endoscopic procedures in ICH have been reported. This study is aimed to evaluate the result of 270 patients undergoing endoscopic treatment of ICH.

Methods: This was a retrospective study from July 2008 to June 2017.

Endoscopic Anterior Approach for Cervical Disc Disease (Disc Preserving Surgery).

Objective: To report our experience of endoscopic disc removal by anterior approach for management of cervical myelopathy in 210 patients.

Methods: A retrospective study of 187 cases of single- and 23 cases of double-level disc disease was performed. Cases of myelopathy with or without unilateral or bilateral radiculopathy and unilateral radiculopathy with either soft or hard disc prolapse were included.

Endoscopic partial corpectomy using anterior decompression for cervical myelopathy.

Symptomatic ventral cervical cord compressions have been treated by anterior discectomy with fusion, anterior corpectomy and fusion, discectomy with an artificial disc, and minimally invasive techniques. There are complications associated with the fusion procedure, especially when a long segment fusion is undertaken. Partial removal of the vertebral body without fusion could help in avoiding fusion and its associated complications.