Dynamic brain states during reasoning tasks: a co-activation pattern analysis.

Brain activity exhibits substantial temporal variability during cognitive processes, yet traditional fMRI analyses often fail to capture these dynamic patterns. Co-activation pattern (CAP) analysis has emerged as a promising method to study brain dynamics. CAP analysis provides a powerful framework for capturing transient brain states, however, its application to cognitive tasks remains very limited, with no prior studies specifically investigating its role in reasoning performance.

Resilience and brain health in global populations.

Resilience is a multifaceted concept that spans biological, psychological and social domains, and is critical for population health-particularly brain health. While most existing research originates from the global north, there is an urgent need to explore resilience in the majority world settings, where unique biological, exposomal, economic and sociocultural factors shape health. In this Review, we highlight resilience as a key modifier of brain health outcomes.

A Radiomic Approach to Clinical MRI Refines the Thalamus-Cognition Link in Multiple Sclerosis.

Background And Purpose: Radiomics extracts imaging features that may not be detectable through conventional volumetric analyses. Given their role in multiple sclerosis (MS), we applied radiomics to thalamic nuclei and examined their associations with cognitive performance.

Methods: A total of 601 individuals were included (342 people with MS [PwMS] from two cohorts and 259 healthy controls [HC]).

Neural flexibility is higher in Alzheimer's disease and predicts Alzheimer's disease transition.

BackgroundNeural flexibility (NF), a measure of dynamic functional connectivity, was associated with psychiatric diseases but has not yet been studied in Alzheimer's disease (AD).ObjectiveWe aim to evaluate whether AD is associated with alterations in NF and probe its predictive utility for AD conversion.MethodThe study included 862 older adults (461 cognitively normal (CN), 294 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 107 AD) with valid resting-state fMRI data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.

Disrupted Energy Landscape in Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Insights from Network Control Theory.

Introduction: Patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have shown disruptions in both brain structure and function, often studied separately. However, understanding the relationship between brain structure and function can provide valuable insights into this early stage of cognitive decline for better treatment strategies to avoid its progression. Network Control Theory (NCT) is a multi-modal approach that captures the alterations in the brain's energetic landscape by combining the brain's functional activity and the structural connectome.

A Radiomic Approach to Clinical MRI Refines the Thalamus-Cognition Link in Multiple Sclerosis.

Background And Objectives: Radiomics extracts imaging features that may not be detectable through conventional volumetric analyses. Given their role in multiple sclerosis (MS), we applied radiomics to thalamic nuclei and examined their associations with cognitive performance.

Methods: A total of 601 individuals were included (342 people with MS-PwMS from two cohorts, and 259 healthy controls-HC).

Heterogeneous tau deposition patterns in the preclinical stage link to domain-specific cognitive deficits.

Introduction: The spatial heterogeneity of tau deposition is closely linked to clinical variants of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Detecting these patterns in the preclinical stage is challenging, but second-generation tau tracers provide a unique opportunity to do so.

Methods: We used independent component analysis (ICA) and tau positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the 18F-MK6240 tracer in 590 cognitively healthy adults (mean age 66.

Mediators of educational differences in dementia risk later in life: evidence from the HUNT study.

Despite a well-known inverse association between education and dementia risk, the mediating mechanisms are not well understood. We explored how lifestyle and health risk factors across the life-course mediate the relationship between education and dementia among adults aged 70 + years. We included 7,655 participants with dementia diagnoses and education information, using a historical cohort design linking prospective exposure data across the life course from the HUNT4 70 + Study with registry data from Statistics Norway and earlier HUNT surveys.

Blood mitochondrial health markers cf-mtDNA and GDF15 in human aging.

Altered mitochondria biology can accelerate biological aging, but scalable biomarkers of mitochondrial health for population studies are lacking. We examined two potential candidates: 1) (cf-mtDNA), a marker of mitochondrial signaling elevated with disease states accessible as distinct biological entities from plasma or serum; and 2) (GDF15), an established biomarker of biological aging downstream of mitochondrial energy transformation defects and stress signaling. In a cohort of 430 participants aged 24-84 (54.

Dynamic proportional loss of functional connectivity revealed change of left superior frontal gyrus in subjective cognitive decline: an explanatory study based on Chinese and Western cohorts.

Brain network dynamics have been extensively explored in patients with subjective cognitive decline (SCD). However, these studies are susceptible to individual differences, scanning parameters, and other confounding factors. Therefore, how to reveal subtle SCD-related subtle changes remains unclear.

Number of children and dementia risk: a causal mediation analysis using data from the HUNT study linked with national registries in Norway.

Background: Childlessness, as well as having a high number of children, has been reported to be associated with an elevated risk of dementia compared to having 2-3 children. The mechanisms underlying these relationships are not well understood and may be mediated by different midlife risk factors. We examined the mediating role of various factors on the relationship between the number of children and dementia risk.

Sleep Genetics and Cognitive Changes over Time: The Moderating Effect of Age and the Role of Brain.

Background: Sleep plays a crucial role in cognitive performance and cognitive changes in aging. In the current study, we investigated the role of sleep duration genetics in cognitive changes over time and the moderating effect of age.

Methods: Participants were drawn from the Reference Abilities Neural Network and the Cognitive Reserve studies of Columbia University.

Development of a checklist for cognitive assessment requirements (CARE) based on a Delphi consensus study.

Situational factors can influence cognitive performance and should be considered for conducting cognitive assessments. The objective of this project was to develop a checklist for Cognitive Assessment Requirements (CARE) to identify these situational factors before conducting cognitive assessments and account for them. This study employed a four-round Delphi approach involving 22 experts to identify situational factors that can impact cognitive assessment results.

Network-based amyloid-β pathology predicts subsequent cognitive decline in cognitively normal older adults.

The deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein in the human brain is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and is related to cognitive decline. However, the relationship between early Aβ deposition and future cognitive impairment remains poorly understood, particularly concerning its spatial distribution and network-level effects. Here, we employed a cross-validated machine learning approach and investigated whether integrating subject-specific brain connectome information with Aβ burden measures improves predictive validity for subsequent cognitive decline.

Brain Resilience to Targeted Attack of Resting BOLD Networks as a Measure of Cognitive Reserve.

Recent advancements in connectome analyses have enabled more precise measurements of brain network integrity. Identifying neural measures that can operate as mechanisms of cognitive reserve (CR) is integral for the study of individual variability in age-related cognitive changes. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that network resilience, or the network's ability to maintain functionality when facing internal or external perturbations that cause damage or error, can function as a CR candidate, modifying the relationship between cognitive and brain changes in a lifespan cohort of cognitively healthy adults.

Cognitive reserve against Alzheimer's pathology is linked to brain activity during memory formation.

The cognitive reserve (CR) hypothesis posits that individuals can differ in how their brain function is disrupted by pathology associated with aging and neurodegeneration. Here, we test this hypothesis in the continuum from cognitively normal to at-risk stages for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) to AD dementia using longitudinal data from 490 participants of the DELCODE multicentric observational study. Brain function is measured using task fMRI of visual memory encoding.

A neural implementation of cognitive reserve: Insights from a longitudinal fMRI study of set-switching in aging.

Aging is often accompanied by changes in brain structure and executive functions, particularly in tasks involving cognitive flexibility, such as task-switching. However, substantial individual differences in the degree of cognitive impairment indicate that some individuals can cope with brain changes more effectively than others, suggesting higher cognitive reserve (CR). This study identified a neural basis for CR by examining the longitudinal relationship between task-related brain activation, structural brain changes, and changes in cognitive performance during an executive task-switching paradigm including single and dual conditions.

Factors associated with cognitive reserve according to education level.

Introduction: We investigated distinctive factors associated with cognitive reserve (CR) based on education level.

Methods: Among 1247 participants who underwent neuropsychological assessment, amyloid positron emission tomography, and brain magnetic resonance imaging, 336 participants with low education (≤6 years) and 697 with high education (≥12 years) were selected. CR was measured as the difference between the predicted and observed value of cognitive function based on cortical thickness.

The Caenorhabditis elegans protein SOC-3 permits an alternative mode of signal transduction by the EGL-15 FGF receptor.

Fibroblast Growth Factors and their receptors (FGFRs) comprise a cell signaling module that can stimulate signaling by Ras and the kinases Raf, MEK, and ERK to regulate animal development and homeostatic functions. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the sole FGFR ortholog EGL-15 acts with the GRB2 ortholog SEM-5 to promote chemoattraction and migration by the sex myoblasts (SMs) and fluid homeostasis by the hypodermis (Hyp7). Cell-specific differences in EGL-15 signaling were suggested by the phenotypes caused by egl-15(n1457), an allele that removes a region of its C-terminal domain (CTD) known to bind SEM-5.

Detection of neurophysiological markers of cognitive reserve: an EEG study.

Background And Objectives: Cognitive reserve (CR) is a property of the brain that allows for better-than-expected cognitive performance relative to the degree of brain change over the course of life. However, neurophysiological markers of CR remain under-investigated. Electroencephalography (EEG) features may function as suitable neurophysiological markers of CR.

Cognitive Polygenic Index is Associated with Occupational Complexity over and above Brain Morphometry.

Although the impact of occupation on cognitive skills has been extensively studied, there is limited research examining if genetically predicted cognitive score may influence occupation. We examined the association between Cognitive Polygenic Index (PGI) and occupation, including the role of brain measures. Participants were recruited for the Reference Ability Neural Network and the Cognitive Reserve studies.

The relationship between cortical thickness and white matter hyperintensities in mid to late life.

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are associated with cortical thinning. Although they are primarily detected in older participants, these lesions can appear in younger and midlife individuals. Here, we tested whether WMH are associated with cortical thinning in relatively younger (26-50 years) and relatively older (58-84) participants who were free of dementia, and how these associations are moderated by WMH localization.

Cognitive reserve proxies are associated with age-related cognitive decline - Not age-related gait speed decline.

Cognition and gait share brain substrates in aging and dementia. Cognitive reserve (CR) allows individuals to cope with brain pathology and delay cognitive impairment and dementia. Yet, evidence for that CR is associated with age-related cognitive decline is mixed, and evidence for that CR is associated with age-related gait decline is limited.