Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies in Children and Adolescents Aged 3-17 Years - 14 PLADs, China, 2019-2021.

What Is Already Known About This Topic?: Micronutrient deficiencies in children represent a significant global health challenge. Currently, there are limited nationally representative reports on micronutrient deficiencies among Chinese children and adolescents.

What Is Added By This Report?: This study presents nationally representative data on six micronutrient deficiencies.

[Prevalence and associated factors for double burden of overweight/obesity and anemia malnutrition among children aged 6-71 months in China in 2019-2021].

Objective: To provide updated prevalence and associated factors of double burden of malnutrition(DBM) among children aged 6-17 months in China.

Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. A multi-stage stratified randomized sampling method was used to recruit 25 791 children aged 6-71 months from 14 provinces in China between 2019 and 2021.

[Association between feeding patterns within 4 months of age and physical growth, overweight and obesity in children aged 0-3 years old].

Objective: To investigate the association between feeding patterns within 4 months of age and both physical growth and the risk of overweight and obesity in young children aged 0-3 years.

Methods: Based on the TAWS prospective cohort study in China, children aged 0-3 years were followed up in Taicang cohort from 2013 to 2019. A structured questionnaire was used to collect and evaluate the feeding patterns of children within the first 4 months, weight and height/length were measured at birth and at 1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months of age, weight for age Z-score(WAZ), length for age Z-score(LAZ) and weight for length Z-score(WLZ) were calculated for each measurement.

[Association between feeding patterns and physical growth of late preterm infants aged 0-5 months of correction age].

Objective: To explore the relationship between feeding patterns and physical growth of late preterm infants with 34-36 weeks of gestational age and 0-5 months of correction age.

Methods: The data were from the project "Nutrition and Health System Survey and Application for Children aged 0-18 Years in China". Multi-stage stratified random sampling was used to conduct the study at 28 survey sites in 7 regions of East China, North China, Central China, South China, Southwest, Northwest and Northeast China from February 2018 to January 2020.

Study on Vitamin K Levels in Mature Milk of Chinese Lactating Mothers.

Objectives: This study sought to understand the levels of vitamin K in the mature milk of Chinese lactating mothers, thereby providing a foundation for the development of appropriate intake (AI) of vitamin K for infants aged 0-5 months.

Methods: Five hundred healthy lactating mothers were selected from the mature milk bank established by the Chinese Maternal and Infant Nutrition and Health Cohort by using a simple random sample procedure. Relevant information about lactating mothers and their infants was obtained by a questionnaire survey.

[Prevalence of and risk factors for perceived absence of breast milk supply in Chinese lactating women in 2013].

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of postpartum perceived absence of breast milk supply among Chinese mothers in 2013.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study based on the data collected from children and mothers under 2 years of age in 2013 as part of the nutrition and health surveillance of Chinese residents. In this study, multistage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select subjects from 55 countires/districts in 30 provinces in China.

[Status of infant and young child feeding in China in 2016-2017].

Objective: To describe the feeding status and related factors of infant and young child aged 6-23 months in China.

Methods: Data was from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance among 0-17 Years Old Children and Lactating Women in 2016-2017, and 20 423 children aged 6-23 months were involved in 275 surveillance sites from 31 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities). The introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods, minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency were analyzed with WHO and UNICEF 2021 updated infant and young child feeding indicators.

[Dietary micronutrient intake of children aged 2-5 years in China in 2019-2021].

Objective: To describe dietary intake of calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, vitamin A, vitamin B_1, vitamin B_2 and vitamin C and compare the intake between urban and rural areas among preschool children aged 2-5 years based on the data from the National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for Children 0-17 Years of Age in China.

Methods: Children from 14 provinces were selected by multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling, and the dietary data of preschool children aged 2-5 years were recorded using the 3 day 24-hour weighted food records method. SAS 9.

[Energy and nutrients intake from complementary foods of children aged 6-23 months in China in 2019-2021].

Objective: To describe the energy and nutrients intake from complementary foods of children aged 6-23 months in different areas of China.

Methods: The data was from the National Special Program for Science & Technology Basic Resources Investigation-China Children's Nutrition and Health System Survey and Application of 0-18 Years Old Children. Children aged 6-23 months(n=546) were included in the current study.

[Breast milk intake of Chinese infants aged 0-5 months in 2019-2021].

Objective: To describe the breast milk intake of infants aged 0-5 months in China and its trends, and to analyze the effects of feeding mode, gender and regions on breast milk intake.

Methods: Data were extracted from Ministry of Science and Technology's basic resource survey project "China's 0-18-year-old children's nutrition and health system survey and application" project. Caregivers were face to face interviewed to collect the basic information of infants.

[Gestational weight gain and associated factors of Chinese women in the second and third trimester of pregnancy in 2015].

Objective: To describe gestational weight gain status of pregnant women in China, and to explore potential factors related to gestational weight gain of pregnant women in the 2 nd and 3 rd trimester in 2015.

Methods: Participants were from Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2012 and in 2015. Using a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method, a total of 8512 pregnant women were recruited in 2015.

Relationships between Maternal Gene Polymorphisms in One Carbon Metabolism and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Prospective Mother and Child Cohort Study in China.

Background: To investigate relationships between five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in four maternal genes involved in one carbon metabolism and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), and small-for-gestational-age (SGA). Methods: This was a prospective mother and child cohort study in Wuqiang, China. Pregnant women (n = 939) were recruited from Jun 2016 to Oct 2018.

What are the determinants of low exclusive breastfeeding prevalence in China? A cross-sectional study.

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) status is far from the national target in China. To identify the modifiable factors associated with EBF of infants aged under 6 months in China. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 provinces/municipalities across China in 2017-2018.

[Relationship between dietary behavior and malnutrition of children aged 3-5 years in five cities of China].

Objective: To explore the status of malnutrition and dietary behavior characteristics of children aged 3-5 in Tonghua, Nanchang, Changsha, Kunming and Weinan, and to analyze the relationship between them.

Methods: Data was from National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for 0-18 Years Old Children in China. A total of 1741 children were randomly selected from five cities by multi-stage stratified cluster sampling, and their physical fitness was measured and investigated by questionnaire.

[Association between timing of introducing complementary foods and anemia of infants aged 6-11 months in four provinces of China].

Objective: To analyze the anemia status of infants aged 6-11 months in Beijing, Shanxi, Jiangxi and Zhejiang of China, and to explore the association between timing of introducing complementary foods and hemoglobin level, anemia of infants aged 6-11 months.

Methods: Data was from National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for 0-18 Years Old Children in China. A total of 1404 infants aged 6-11 months from Beijing, Shanxi, Jiangxi and Zhejiang were enrolled in this study.

[Association between timing for introducing complementary foods and body composition of children aged 3-5 years in five provinces of China].

Objective: To explore the association between different timing of introducing complementary foods during infancy and the body composition of children aged 3-5 years.

Methods: The data was from National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for 0-18 Years Old Children in China. A face-to-face interview to caregivers of children was conducted to retrospectively collect timing of introducing complementary foods of children aged 3-5 years.

[Development and validation of children physical activity questionnaire].

Objective: To develop the physical activity questionnaire for Chinese children aged 6-17 years old, in order to evaluate the children's physical activity.

Methods: After systematic review, expert review and preliminary investigation, the "6-to 17-year-old Chinese children physical activity questionnaire(CCPAQ)" was established to measure the weekly physical activity. Based on the sample size estimation and inclusion and exclusion criteria, 120 children aged 6-17 were selected from one survey site in the south and north of China.

Relationship between Serum 25OH-Vitamin D2 Level and Vitamin D Status of Children Aged 3-5 Years in China.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent globally and there is lack of evidence as to how 25(OH)D2 contributes to vitamin D status. The aim of this study was to describe vitamin D status and to assess the role of vitamin D2, a dietary vitamin D source, against the vitamin D status of children aged 3-5 years in China.

Methods: Data were extracted from the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNNHS) in 2013.

[Prevalence and risk factors for anemia of Chinese lactating women in 2013].

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of anemia and its risk factors for lactating women in China.

Methods: Data was extracted from Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance-Mothers for children under 2 years of age(2013). Totally, 11 178 mothers of children under 2 years old were selected from 55 counties of 30 provinces in China by using the multi-stage stratified cluster randomization sampling method.

Folic Acid Status and Associated Factors for Pregnant Chinese Women - China, 2015.

What Is Already Known On This Topic?: Low folate status in pregnancy has been associated with multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes, including neural tube defects, congenital heart defects, fetal growth restriction, low birth weight, and preterm delivery. Low folate status is common in China, especially in northern areas.

What Is Added By This Report?: Folate status remains suboptimal among pregnant Chinese women in 2015.

Human milk cholesterol is associated with lactation stage and maternal plasma cholesterol in Chinese populations.

Background: Milk cholesterol concentrations throughout lactation were analyzed, and the relationship between maternal plasma cholesterol and milk cholesterol in various Chinese populations was examined.

Methods: A sub-sample of 1138 lactating women was randomly selected from a large cross-sectional study in China (n = 6481). Milk cholesterol concentrations were determined by HPLC, and concentrations of maternal plasma lipids were determined by an automated biochemical analyzer.

[Relationship between household safe drinking water, hygienic toilet and prevalence of stunting for Chinese children aged 0 to 5 years old in 2013].

Objective: To investigate the relationship between household drinking water, toilet status and the prevalence of stunting for Chinese children aged 0 to 5 years old in 2013.

Methods: Data was extracted from the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2013. A total of 32 861 children aged 0 to 5 years old were selected from 165 townships(streets) of 55 counties(cities/districts) in 30 provinces.

[Nutritional status of vitamin B_(12) and its influence factors in Chinese lactating women in 2013].

Objective: To examine the vitamin B_(12) status of lactating women in China and to analyze the factors affecting the level of serum vitamin B_(12) in these subjects.

Methods: Participants were from the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2013. By multi-stage stratified cluster randomly sampling method, 10 331 lactating women were selected from 55 counties of 30 provinces in China.

Low selenium intake is associated with postpartum weight retention in Chinese women and impaired physical development of their offspring.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between daily Se intake and postpartum weight retention (PPWR) among Chinese lactating women, and the impact of their Se nutritional status on infants' physical development. Se contents in breast milk and plasma collected from 264 lactating Chinese women at the 42nd day postpartum were analysed with inductively coupled plasma MS. Daily Se intake was calculated based on plasma Se concentration.

Association between Dairy Intake and Linear Growth in Chinese Pre-School Children.

Stunting remains a major public health issue for pre-school children globally. Dairy product consumption is suboptimal in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dairy intake and linear growth in Chinese pre-school children.