[The cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome-A narrative review].

Background: Until 25 years ago cyclic vomiting attacks under the chronic influence of cannabis were virtually unknown. Following the legalization of non-medical cannabis in North America and the associated increase in cannabis use, including high-potency strains, the number of patients there with cannabis-related cyclic vomiting is increasing. The ROME-IV criteria now define cannabis-induced cyclic vomiting as cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS).

Psychotherapy Research Domain Criteria: functional mechanisms of treatment and a basic theory of the mind.

The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach is a tipping point in psychotherapy and introduces a new development in the treatment of mental disorders. The linking of clinical syndromes with their biological foundation shifts the emphasis of research and methodology on biology and increases the falsifiability of therapy schools, trends, and paradigms in psychotherapy. Interventions are not exclusively assessed according to their efficacy anymore; they focus on biological mechanisms and aim to alter them in an evidence-based way.

[Drug-related problems in psychiatric consultation services].

Background: The use of psychoactive substances is associated with the risk of somatic complications requiring treatment. Psychiatric consultations can be requested in this context.

Aim: Description of physical and psychological complications of acute and chronic use of various drugs (except alcohol and benzodiazepines), and the procedure for consultations.

[The influence of an age-specific treatment setting on the success of inpatient detoxification treatment in older patients with substance-related disorders].

In this study, the success of inpatient qualified withdrawal treatment in an age-specific setting was compared with that in a mixed-age setting.175 patients (137 male, average age 59.4 years) with different substance-related disorders were examined.

Consumption patterns before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among patients admitted to inpatient drug detoxification treatment: Results of two cross-sectional surveys from 2018 and 2021.

Background: The lockdown measures during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic could have influenced drug consumption patterns of persons with drug use disorder, especially due to a reduced availability of drugs, an increased consumption of sedating substances as a coping strategy, or a shift to novel psychotropic substances (NPS) associated with an increased drug buying in the internet. In this study, the consumption patterns of people mainly with opioid use disorder entering inpatient drug detoxification treatment were investigated in the same hospitals with the same methods before and during the pandemic.

Methods: At admission, patients were interviewed regarding their consumption patterns using the EuropASI questionnaire.

Evaluation of E-Cigarette Use in Opioid-Dependent Patients in Maintenance Treatment.

Introduction: As tobacco smoking decreases, the use of e-cigarettes is on the rise. There is a debate whether switching from smoking to the use of e-cigarettes might represent a harm reduction strategy for those who smoke tobacco heavily, a habit often observed in individuals with opioid dependence. The present study investigated the prevalence and patterns of tobacco smoking and e-cigarette use in patients in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) and whether e-cigarette use contributed to the cessation of smoking tobacco.

Knowledge of, and attitude towards, the treatment of hepatitis C in people who inject drugs.

Background: Direct acting antivirals (DAAs) as a curative treatment of hepatitis C have been available for several years and have replaced interferon-containing therapies. However, treatment rates of people who inject drugs (PWID) are declining in Germany, putting the elimination of hepatitis C by 2030 at risk. This study aimed at elucidating the knowledge of, and attitude towards, hepatitis C treatment in a clinical sample of PWID.

[The challenges for psychiatric care posed by synthetic drugs].

Background: In addition to the drugs that have been known for decades, several hundred mainly synthetic substances have been identified as drugs for the first time in the last 20 years.

Aim Of The Work: Presentation of the various groups of substances and their psychotropic effects, the epidemiology of their use and the legal and social background of this development.

Material: Narrative literature review.

SARS-CoV-2-Infection in People Addicted to Illegal Drugs - Is There a Protective Effect of Opioid Maintenance Treatment?

Introduction: People addicted to illegal drugs were discussed as a risk group for SARS-CoV-2 infections, with increased susceptibility and a severe course of infection.

Methods: In this study, the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 infections of drug-dependent persons admitted to inpatient detoxification treatment in five psychiatric hospitals was determined by implementing routine polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-testing at admission (9/2020) up to one year. Main substance-related diagnosis, comorbid respiratory disease, housing situation, and current opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) were documented.

Ten years of maintenance treatment of severe melancholic depression in an adult woman including discontinuation experiences.

Background: There are only few publications on long-term treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) lasting 5 years or longer. Most clinical controlled trials lasted no longer than 2 years and some recent studies suggested an advantage of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) over antidepressants in relapse prevention of MDD.

Methods: Exclusively outpatient "real world" treatment of severe melancholia, prospectively documented over 10 years with different serial treatment strategies, discontinuation phenomena and complications.

Phenibutan—an Illegal Food Supplement With Psychotropic Effects and Health Risks.

Background: Phenibut (β-phenyl-γ-aminobutyric acid) is an analog of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Like abapentin and pregabalin, it inhibits α2-δ-subunits of voltagedependent presynaptic calcium channels. The potential harm resulting from the use of these gabapentinoids is currently a matter of debate.

Effectiveness of Medical Cannabis for the Treatment of Depression: A Naturalistic Outpatient Study.

Background: There is a lack of studies on the course and effectiveness of medical cannabis in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods: Retrospective longitudinal (18 weeks) study of n=59 outpatients with MDD, treated with medical cannabis via a telemedical platform. Previous treatment with antidepressant medication was required for inclusion into the study.

Patient Perspectives on Pharmacotherapy of Alcohol Dependence.

Introduction: Pharmacotherapy with drugs like naltrexone or acamprosate is a well-evaluated element in the treatment of alcohol dependence (AD). However, in many countries, these medications are rarely administered. The objective of the present study was to identify from patients' perspective factors that prevent the initiation and compliance with pharmacological treatment of AD.

Opiate maintenance patients' attitudes and self-reported adherence to protective measures against SARS-CoV-2 infections.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic we assessed to which extent patients in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) adhere to official recommendations regarding preventive intervention strategies against COVID-19.

Methods: Patients enrolled in two OMT clinics in Germany were interviewed applying a standardized questionnaire, which covered socio-demographic information, recent psychotropic substance use, recent social activities, the history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, attitudes toward official protection recommendations, and levels of adherence to these suggestions. Current mental and medical diagnoses were retrieved from medical files.

Exploratory Growth Mixture Modeling of Cannabis-Withdrawal Syndrome Trajectories of Adult Pure Cannabis Dependents During Detoxification: Two Subtypes?

As clinical studies about subtypes of the cannabis withdrawal syndrome (CWS) are scant, we performed a re-analysis of longitudinal data with German adult cannabis-users seeking inpatient cannabis detoxification-treatment. Sixty-seven cannabis-dependents without active comorbidity were included for growth-mixture-analysis (GMM) of their CWS-severity-trajectories during a scheduled 24-day detox-treatment. As of treatment-day 12, thirty-six (53.