Evaluation of the Synthesis and Skin Penetration Pathway of Folate-Conjugated Polymeric Micelles for the Dermal Delivery of Irinotecan and Alpha-Mangostin.

: The present study aimed to synthesize folate-conjugated poloxamers and develop polymeric micelles for the dermal delivery of irinotecan and alpha-mangostin for the treatment of melanoma using poloxamer 188 and poloxamer 184, which have never been synthesized with folate before. : Poloxamer 188 and poloxamer 184 were synthesized with folate by esterification. The in vitro skin penetration enhancement of irinotecan- and alpha-mangostin-loaded folate-conjugated polymeric micelles was evaluated.

Development and Transportation Pathway Evaluation of Liposomes with Bile Acids for Enhancing the Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration of Methotrexate.

: The purpose of this study was to create bile acid-containing liposomes to improve methotrexate blood-brain barrier penetration and to assess the liposome transportation mechanism across the blood-brain barrier. : The improvement of liposome penetration was investigated utilizing human brain microvascular endothelial cells in an in vitro blood-brain barrier model. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and flow cytometry, liposomes were labeled with fluorescent phospholipids to facilitate their passage across the blood-brain barrier.

Development and Skin Penetration Pathway Evaluation Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy of Microemulsions for Dermal Delivery Enhancement of Finasteride.

This study aimed to develop microemulsions using poloxamer 124 as a surfactant to improve the skin penetration of finasteride and to investigate the skin penetration pathways of these microemulsions by colocalization techniques using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The prepared finasteride-loaded microemulsions had average particle sizes ranging from 80.09 to 136.

Development of Ultradeformable Liposomes with Fatty Acids for Enhanced Dermal Rosmarinic Acid Delivery.

This study aimed to develop ultradeformable liposomes (ULs) with fatty acids, namely, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid, to improve the skin penetration of rosmarinic acid. This study also investigated the vesicle-skin interaction and skin penetration pathway of ULs with fatty acids using the co-localization technique of multifluorescently labeled particles. The prepared ULs were characterized in terms of size, surface charge, size distribution, shape, % entrapment efficiency (% EE), and % loading efficiency (% LE).

Combined effect of sonophoresis and a microemulsion on the dermal delivery of celecoxib.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the intensity of sonophoresis at which the skin penetration of celecoxib was enhanced and to study the combined effects of sonophoresis and microemulsion application on the dermal delivery of celecoxib. The sonophoresis intensity that provided the highest skin penetration enhancement of celecoxib was 30 Watts/cm. However, the combination of sonophoresis and the microemulsion resulted in a decrease in celecoxib skin penetration.

Development and skin penetration pathway evaluation of microemulsions for enhancing the dermal delivery of celecoxib.

This study aimed to develop a microemulsion using PEG-6 Caprylic/Capric Glycerides as a surfactant to enhance the dermal delivery of celecoxib. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) using the colocalization technique was also used to investigate the skin penetration pathway of the microemulsion. The prepared microemulsion formulations were characterized in terms of size, surface charge, size distribution and type.

Development and mechanistic study of a microemulsion containing vitamin E TPGS for the enhancement of oral absorption of celecoxib.

The purpose of this study was to develop a microemulsion containing D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (vitamin E TPGS) as a biodegradable surfactant to increase the oral absorption of celecoxib. This study investigated the intestinal absorption enhancement mechanism of this microemulsion by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values. This study also evaluated microemulsion particle-intestine interactions in terms of release and attachment processes using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).

Development of a novel microemulsion for oral absorption enhancement of all-trans retinoic acid.

This study was aimed to develop a novel microemulsion that contained oleth-5 as a surfactant to enhance the oral absorption of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). The prepared microemulsion was evaluated for its particle size, shape, zeta potential, in vitro release, in vitro intestinal absorption, intestinal membrane cytotoxicity and stability. The obtained microemulsion was spherical in shape with a particle size of <200 nm and a negative surface charge.

Effect of liposomal fluidity on skin permeation of sodium fluorescein entrapped in liposomes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ultradeformable liposome components, Tween 20 and terpenes, on vesicle fluidity. The fluidity was evaluated by electron spin resonance spectroscopy using 5-doxyl stearic acid and 16-doxyl stearic acid as spin labels for phospholipid bilayer fluidity at the C5 atom of the acyl chain near the polar head group (hydrophilic region) and the C16 atom of the acyl chain (lipophilic region), respectively. The electron spin resonance study revealed that Tween 20 increased the fluidity at the C5 atom of the acyl chain, whereas terpenes increased the fluidity at the C16 atom of the acyl chain of the phospholipid bilayer.

Investigation of the mechanism of enhanced skin penetration by ultradeformable liposomes.

This study aimed to determine the mechanism by which ultradeformable liposomes (ULs) with terpenes enhance skin penetration for transdermal drug delivery of fluorescein sodium, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Skin treated with ULs containing d-limonene, obtained from in vitro skin penetration studies, was examined via TEM to investigate the effect of ULs on ultrastructural changes of the skin, and to evaluate the mechanism by which ULs enhance skin penetration. The receiver medium collected was analyzed by TEM and CLSM to evaluate the mechanism of the drug carrier system.

Visualization of ultradeformable liposomes penetration pathways and their skin interaction by confocal laser scanning microscopy.

The objective of this study was to elucidate the skin penetration pathway of the generated ultradeformable liposomes (ULs) with terpenes for transdermal drug delivery of fluorescein sodium (NaFl). ULs with d-limonene were selected to investigate the penetration pathways and vesicle-skin interaction in terms of release and attachment processes via Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). A co-localization technique was employed to visualize the skin penetration behavior of UL-labeled red fluorescence (Rh-PE) and fluorescence-entrapped drug (NaFl) through porcine skin.

Ultradeformable liposomes with terpenes for delivery of hydrophilic compound.

Ultradeformable liposomes containing penetration enhancers were created to deliver NaFl. Vesicles were investigated for their particle size, zeta potential, NaFl entrapment efficiency (%EE), loading efficiency, and in vitro skin penetration. The vesicles obtained were spherical in shape, with a particle size of less than 100 nm and a negative surface charge (-6 to -11 mV).