Gemcitabine resistance by CITED4 upregulation via the regulation of BIRC2 expression in pancreatic cancer.

Background: Gemcitabine (GEM) is used as a first-line therapy for patients diagnosed with any stage of pancreatic cancer (PC); however, patient survival is poor because of GEM resistance. Thus, new approaches to overcome GEM resistance in PC are urgently needed. Here, we aimed to establish an in vivo drug-resistant PC model and identify genes involved in GEM resistance.

Fusogenic Nanoreactor-Based Detection of Extracellular Vesicle-derived miRNAs for Diagnosing Atherosclerosis.

Extracellular vesicle (EV) microRNAs (miRNAs) are critical liquid-biopsy biomarkers that facilitate noninvasive clinical diagnosis and disease monitoring. However, conventional methods for detecting these miRNAs require EV lysis, which is expensive, labor-intensive, and time-consuming. Inspired by natural viral infection mechanisms, a novel strategy is developed for detecting EV miRNAs in situ via vesicle fusion mediated by viral fusion proteins.

Adipose tissue-derived exosomes contribute to obesity-associated liver diseases in long-term high-fat diet-fed mice, but not in short-term.

Introduction: Our study aimed to investigate the changes in hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, insulin signaling, and lipid metabolism during the administration of a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice in order to identify correlations between obesity and metabolic disease development in the liver.

Methods: We used short-, medium-, and long-term HFD periods, corresponding to 4, 8, and 12 weeks, respectively, and isolated exosomes from adipose tissue. We confirmed the effect of adipose tissue-derived exosomes on metabolic disorders in obesity in alpha mouse liver 12 (AML12) hepatocytes.

Role of Exosomes Derived from Adipose Tissue under Obese Conditions in Skeletal Muscle and Liver Cells: Commonalities and Differences.

Scope: To determine the correlation between obesity and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and liver tissues, this study isolates exosomes from adipose tissue under obese conditions and investigates the effect of adipose tissue-derived exosomes (Ad-exosomes) in mouse muscle (C2C12 cells) and liver cell lines (AML12 cells).

Methods And Results: The study isolates exosomes from the adipose tissue of normal diet-fed mice or high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice and confirms the uptake into differentiated C2C12 and AML12 cells. Ad-exosomes from HFD-fed mice induce insulin resistance, triglyceride (TG) accumulation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation in both C2C12 and AML12 cells.