The role of statistical methods in optimizing and enhancing fungal chitosan commercial production.

Unlabelled: This review portrays the role of fermentation technology in the production of fungal chitosan (FCH) under optimized conditions using statistical  methods. It is noteworthy to mention that FCH is superior than crustacean chitosan (CCH) due to its low molecular weight (LMW) (≈ 20-30 kDa), polymer homogeneity, high degree of deacetylation (DDA) (74-92%), along with thermal stability, solubility at wide physiological pH and greener extraction process. Employment of suitable submerged fermentation conditions improves the quality (high DDA and LMW) of FCH for varied applications.

Optimization of fungal chitosan production from using statistical designs.

Unlabelled: Fungal chitosan (FCH) is superior to crustacean chitosan (CH) sources and is of immense interest to the scientific community while having a high demand at the global market. Industrial scale fermentation technologies of FCH production are associated with considerable challenges that frequently restrict their economic production and feasibility. The production of high quality FCH using an underexplored fungal strain  NCIM 691 that is hoped to mitigate potential future large-scale production was investigated.

Synergistic and Additive Effects of Menadione in Combination with Antibiotics on Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Insights from Structure-Function Analysis of Naphthoquinones.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) interferes with the effective treatment of infections and increases the risk of microbial spread and infection-related illness and death. The synergistic activities of combinations of antimicrobial compounds offer satisfactory approaches to some extent. Structurally diverse naphthoquinones (NQs) including menadione (-CH group at C2) exhibit substantial antimicrobial activities against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens.

Biosurfactants: Forthcomings and Regulatory Affairs in Food-Based Industries.

The terms discussed in this review-biosurfactants (BSs) and bioemulsifiers (BEs)-describe surface-active molecules of microbial origin which are popular chemical entities for many industries, including food. BSs are generally low-molecular-weight compounds with the ability to reduce surface tension noticeably, whereas BEs are high-molecular-weight molecules with efficient emulsifying abilities. Some other biomolecules, such as lecithin and egg yolk, are useful as natural BEs in food products.

Biosurfactants' multifarious functional potential for sustainable agricultural practices.

Increasing food demand by the ever-growing population imposes an extra burden on the agricultural and food industries. Chemical-based pesticides, fungicides, fertilizers, and high-breeding crop varieties are typically employed to enhance crop productivity. Overexploitation of chemicals and their persistence in the environment, however, has detrimental effects on soil, water, and air which consequently disturb the food chain and the ecosystem.

Synergistic and antibiofilm potential of derived silver nanoparticles in combination with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant pathogens.

Hospital acquired infections caused due to ESKAPE pathogens pose a challenge for treatment due to their growing antimicrobial resistance. (CA) is traditionally known for its antibacterial, wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study highlights the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (CAAgNPs) capped and stabilized by the compounds from CA rhizome extract, also further demonstrating their antibacterial, antibiofilm and synergistic effects against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens.

Biofouling in Membrane Bioreactors: Mechanism, Interactions and Possible Mitigation Using Biosurfactants.

Biofouling roots damage to membrane bioreactors (MBRs), such as physical, functional and organisational changes and even therefore clogging of the membrane pores and successive microbial degradation. Further, it blocks the pores, results into a biomass cake and in due course reduces the membrane flux and leads to an increase in the operational costs. MBR fouling contributed to the rise in transmembrane pressure (TMP) and decrease in permeate flux (in case of constant pressure operation mode).

Metal complexes of a pro-vitamin K3 analog phthiocol (2-hydroxy-3-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione): synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity.

The hydroxy analog of vitamin K3 (2-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione) is known as phthiocol (2-hydroxy-3-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione; pht). Both vitamin K3 and phthiocol possess anticancer and antihemorrhagic properties. Phthiocol is a noninnocent ligand and provides monodentate, bidentate, or tridentate coordination sites to metal ions.

How Structure-Function Relationships of 1,4-Naphthoquinones Combat Antimicrobial Resistance in Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Pathogens.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the top ten health-related threats worldwide. Among several antimicrobial agents, naphthoquinones (NQs) of plant/chemical origin possess enormous structural and functional diversity and are effective against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. 1,4-NQs possess alkyl, hydroxyl, halide, and metal groups as side chains on their double-ring structure, predominantly at the C-2, C-3, C-5, and C-8 positions.

Synergistic Activity of Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant and Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Fungal Origin Chitosan Against Phytopathogens.

Phytopathogens pose severe implications in the quantity and quality of food production by instigating several diseases. Biocontrol strategies comprising the application of biomaterials have offered endless opportunities for sustainable agriculture. We explored multifarious potentials of rhamnolipid-BS (RH-BS: commercial), fungal chitosan (FCH), and FCH-derived nanoparticles (FCHNPs).

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Potency of Menadione Against Multidrug-Resistant S. aureus.

Menadione is an analogue of 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ) that possesses enormous pharmaceutical potential. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of menadione was determined against eighteen pathogens of the ESKAPE category, including thirteen multidrug-resistant (MDR) and five standard strains. From a total of eighteen pathogens, five strains of S.

Chitosan and its derivatives: Promising biomaterial in averting fungal diseases of sugarcane and other crops.

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)-a prominent cash crop accounts for around 80% production of sugar worldwide. However, the productivity of sugarcane is declining (~40%) due to the attack of a perilous fungus-Fusarium moniliforme responsible for pokkah boeng (PB) disease. Presently, chemical methods are incisive where their harmful effects on living organisms cannot be overlooked.

Characterization and cytotoxicity assessment of biosurfactant derived from Lactobacillus pentosus NCIM 2912.

Noteworthy properties of biosurfactant (BS) are fascinating scientific fraternity to explore them for food, medicinal, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical etc. applications. Newer products intended for pharmaceutical purposes are mandatory to go through pragmatic evaluation protocols.

Species - An Imminent Resource to Explore Biosurfactant and Bioactive Metabolites for Industrial Applications.

The marine environment represents a well-off and diverse group of microbes, which offers an enormous natural bioactive compounds of commercial importance. These natural products have expanded rigorous awareness due to their widespread stability and functionality under harsh environmental conditions. The genus is a halophilic bacterium known for the production of diverse secondary metabolites such as 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1, 2)-β-d-fructofuranose exhibiting stabilizing effect and methyl glucosyl-3,4-dehydro-apo-8-lycopenoate displaying antioxidant activity.

Surfactants of microbial origin as antibiofilm agents.

The microbial world provides new energy sources and many various 'green' chemicals. One type of chemicals produced by microorganisms is the biosurfactant group. Biosurfactants are universal molecules, exhibiting surface properties often accompanied by desired biological activity.

Genomic Insights of Halophilic SAMP MCC 3013 and Detail Investigation of Its Biosurfactant Production.

Moderate halophilic bacteria thrive in saline conditions and produce biosurfactant (BS) which facilitates the oil scavenging activity in the oil polluted surroundings. Production of such unusual bioactive molecules plays a vital role for their survival in an extreme and adverse environment. Current research deals with isolation of strain SAMP MCC 3013 from Indian Arabian coastline sea water for BS production.

Inhibition of pathogenic bacterial biofilms on PDMS based implants by L. acidophilus derived biosurfactant.

Background: Lactobacillus spp. predominantly shows its presence as a normal mucosal flora of the mouth and intestine. Therefore, the objective of our research is to investigate the in-vitro conditions for the prospective of medically valuable biosurfactants (BSs) derived from Lactobacillus spp.

Biosurfactant/s from Lactobacilli species: Properties, challenges and potential biomedical applications.

Lactic acid bacteria are generally believed to have positive roles in maintaining good health and immune system in humans. A number of Lactobacilli spp. are known to produce important metabolites, among which biosurfactants in particular have shown antimicrobial activity against several pathogens in the intestinal tract and female urogenital tract partly through interfering with biofilm formation and adhesion to the epithelial cells surfaces.

Cost effective technologies and renewable substrates for biosurfactants' production.

Diverse types of microbial surface active amphiphilic molecules are produced by a range of microbial communities. The extraordinary properties of biosurfactant/bioemulsifier (BS/BE) as surface active products allows them to have key roles in various field of applications such as bioremediation, biodegradation, enhanced oil recovery, pharmaceutics, food processing among many others. This leads to a vast number of potential applications of these BS/BE in different industrial sectors.

Molecular genetics of biosurfactant synthesis in microorganisms.

Biosurfactant (BS)/bioemulsifier (BE) produced by varied microorganisms exemplify immense structural/functional diversity and consequently signify the involvement of particular molecular machinery in their biosynthesis. The present chapter aims to compile information on molecular genetics of BS/BE production in microorganisms. Polymer synthesis in Acinetobacter species is controlled by an intricate operon system and its further excretion being controlled by enzymes.

Methods for investigating biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers: a review.

Microorganisms produce biosurfactant (BS)/bioemulsifier (BE) with wide structural and functional diversity which consequently results in the adoption of different techniques to investigate these diverse amphiphilic molecules. This review aims to compile information on different microbial screening methods, surface active products extraction procedures, and analytical terminologies used in this field. Different methods for screening microbial culture broth or cell biomass for surface active compounds production are also presented and their possible advantages and disadvantages highlighted.

Biosurfactants, bioemulsifiers and exopolysaccharides from marine microorganisms.

Marine biosphere offers wealthy flora and fauna, which represents a vast natural resource of imperative functional commercial grade products. Among the various bioactive compounds, biosurfactant (BS)/bioemulsifiers (BE) are attracting major interest and attention due to their structural and functional diversity. The versatile properties of surface active molecules find numerous applications in various industries.