Isolation and Characterisation of Serotype III in Miamiensis avidus (Ciliophora: Scuticociliatida) From Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).

Miamiensis avidus (Ciliophora: Scuticociliatida, syn. Philasterides dicentrarchi) is a significant pathogen causing scuticociliatosis in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Korea and Japan. In this study, the BB19 strain, isolated from olive flounder, was identified as M.

Efficacy of a Combined Natural Extract of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) Against Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus in Olive Flounders (Paralichthys olivaceus).

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) causes a high mortality rate in cultured olive flounder, and effective treatment for VHSV infection is urgently required. Turmeric (Curcuma longa ) and liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) are well-known medicinal plants with a variety of biological activities. Turmeric and liquorice extract combination (TLex), containing 12 g glycyrrhizin and 0.

Development of a Real-Time PCR Assay for Noninvasive Detection of Miamiensis avidus in Olive Flounder Aquaculture.

Miamiensis avidus (syn. Philasterides dicentrarchi) leads to high mortality and economic losses in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) aquaculture. In this study, we developed a real-time PCR assay targeting the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene of M.

Comparative analysis of immunogenicity for viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) vaccines inactivated by different methods.

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) belonging to the genus Novirhabdovirus and family Rhabdoviridae is a major viral disease that causes economic loss in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In this study, we produced formalin-, binary ethylenimine (BEI)-, β-propiolactone (BPL)-, and heat-treated, inactivated VHSV vaccines; and observed the glycoprotein changes in the inactivated VHSV vaccines and confirmed their correlation with vaccine efficacy. The control group showed a 100 % cumulative mortality rate, but the groups immunized with formalin- and BPL-inactivated VHSV vaccines had high survival rates of 80 % and 90 %, and the virus copy numbers was significantly low.

Effect of rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) contained tissue intake on rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) mortality and blood cell distribution.

Rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) is one of the highly priced cultured marine fish in Korea. Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) outbreaks in aquaculture farms may involve environmental factors, co-infection with other pathogenic microorganisms and grounded (raw) fish feed. This study evaluated the effects of RBIV-containing tissue intake on mortality and oral transmission in rock bream.

Antiviral effects of umbelliferone against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) poses a significant threat to global aquaculture, prompting ongoing efforts to identify potential drug candidates for disease prevention. Coumarin derivatives have recently emerged as a promising class of compounds effective against rhabdoviruses, which severely impact the aquaculture industry. In this study, we assessed the anti-VHSV activity of umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin) in fathead minnow (FHM) cells and olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus.

Abnormalities in red blood cell production and pathogenesis of anemia in the progression of rock bream iridovirus (RBIV).

Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV), belonging to Megalocytivirus, causes severe mortality in rock bream. Almost all deaths associated with RBIV are accompanied by splenic enlargement and anemia. Although red blood cells (RBCs) are involved in the immune response against viral infections, their involvement in rock bream has not yet been studied in terms of the immune response against RBIV.

Formulation of chitosan microsphere-based oral vaccine against the scuticociliate parasite Miamiensis avidus: Evaluation of its protective immune potency in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).

Miamiensis avidus is a parasitic pathogen that causes scuticociliatosis, a severe and often lethal marine infection that affects marine fishes worldwide, including olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Korea. This parasite infects all size groups of flounder year-round, causing recurring mortalities and huge economic losses to the Korean flounder industry each year. However, few efforts have been made to implement effective remedial measures to control this parasite.

An antiviral optimized extract from Sanguisorba officinalis L. roots using response surface methodology, and its efficacy in controlling viral hemorrhagic septicemia of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia causes considerable economic losses for Korea's olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) aquaculture farms; therefore, effective antiviral agents for controlling viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection are imperative. The present study implemented a Box-Behnken design and cytopathic reduction assay to derive an optimized extract of Sanguisorba officinalis L. roots (OE-SOR) with maximum antiviral activity against VHSV.

Complete Genome Sequence of Anguillid Herpesvirus 1 Isolated from Imported Anguilla rostrata (American Eel) from Canada.

We report the full-length genome sequence (compared to reference sequences) of a variant strain of (AngHV-1) isolated from imported Anguilla rostrata (American eel) from Canada. This should help to further identify such viruses in the North America.

Efficacy of Chitosan-PLGA encapsulated trivalent oral vaccine against viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus, Streptococcus parauberis, and Miamiensis avidus in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).

The present study was conducted to assess the protective efficacy of a trivalent oral vaccine containing chitosan-PLGA encapsulated inactivated viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), Streptococcus parauberis serotype I and Miamiensis avidus antigens, followed by its oral (incorporated in feed) administration to olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) fingerlings for a period of 15-consecutive days. After 35 days of initial vaccination, three separate challenge studies were conducted at the optimal temperature of the targeted pathogens using an intraperitoneal injection route. RPS analysis revealed moderate protection in the immunized group against all the three pathogens viz.

Protective immunity induced by ankyrin repeat-containing protein-based DNA vaccine against rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus).

Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) causes severe mass mortalities in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) and remains an unsolved problem in Korea aquaculture industry. In this study, we assessed the potential of ankyrin repeat (ANK)-containing proteins to induce protective immunity in RBIV-infected rock bream. Rock bream administered with ankyrin repeat-containing protein-based DNA vaccine (200 ng/fish) exhibited significant protection against at 4 and 8 weeks post vaccination to infected with 6.

Saponin and chitosan-based oral vaccine against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) provides protective immunity in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).

Production losses of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) have increased owing to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) infection. In this study, we determined safe concentrations of orally administered saponin and chitosan by analysing serum enzyme (AST/ALT) levels as biochemical markers of hepatic injury. Furthermore, we demonstrated the efficacy, duration of protection, and safety of saponin and chitosan-based vaccines with inactivated VHSV (IV).

Efficacy of saponin-based inactivated rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) vaccine in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus).

Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) causes severe mortality in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) for last two decades. In view of this constant threat of RBIV to the rock bream industry, we conducted the present study with the aim to develop a safe and efficient remedial measure against the virus. In this study, we evaluated the safety and potentiality of squalene, aluminium hydroxide and saponin adjuvants, singly or in combinations, which can be used for developing an efficient inactivated (IV) vaccine to protect rock bream from RBIV infection.

Potential Efficacy of Chitosan-Poly (Lactide-Co-Glycolide)-Encapsulated Trivalent Immersion Vaccine in Olive Flounder () Against Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus, Serotype I, and (Scuticociliate).

Olive flounder () is the most valuable aquaculture species in Korea, corresponding to ~60% of its total production. However, infectious diseases often break out among farmed flounders, causing high mortality and substantial economic losses. Although some deleterious pathogens, such as spp.

Comparative study on antigen persistence and immunoprotective efficacy of intramuscular and intraperitoneal injections of squalene - aluminium hydroxide (Sq + Al) adjuvanted viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus vaccine in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).

The profitability of the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) aquaculture industry in Korea depends on high production and maintenance of flesh quality, as consumers prefer to eat raw flounders from aquaria and relish the raw muscles as 'sashimi'. For sustaining high production, easy-to-deliver and efficient vaccination strategies against serious pathogens, such as viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), is very important as it cause considerable losses to the industry. Whereas, a safe and non-invasive vaccine formulation that is free from unacceptable side-effects and does not devalue the fish is needed to maintain flesh quality.

Nanoencapsulation of inactivated-viral vaccine using chitosan nanoparticles: Evaluation of its protective efficacy and immune modulatory effects in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) infection.

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), a (-) ssRNA virus belonging to the genus Novirhabdovirus of rhabdoviridae family, is the aetiological agent of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) disease which causes huge economic losses in farmed olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and significant mortalities among several other marine fish species in Korea, Japan, and China. Previously, we developed an inactivated vaccine viz., formalin-inactivated VHSV mixed with squalene as adjuvant which was effective in conferring protective immunity (58-76% relative percentage survival) against VHSV but the mode of administration was intraperitoneal injection which is not feasible for small sized fingerling fish.

The Megalocytivirus RBIV Induces Apoptosis and MHC Class I Presentation in Rock Bream Red Blood Cells.

Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) causes severe mass mortality in Korean rock bream () populations. To date, immune defense mechanisms of rock bream against RBIV are unclear. While red blood cells (RBCs) are known to be involved in the immune response against viral infections, the participation of rock bream RBCs in the immune response against RBIV has not been studied yet.

PLGA encapsulated inactivated-viral vaccine: Formulation and evaluation of its protective efficacy against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) infection in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) vaccinated by mucosal delivery routes.

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), an OIE listed viral pathogen, is the etiological agent of a contagious disease, causing huge economic losses in farmed olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and significant mortalities among several other marine fish species in Korea, Japan, and China. In continuation with our previous work, where injection vaccination with inactivated VHSV mixed with squalene (as adjuvant) conferred higher protective immunity to olive flounder, the present study focused on replacing the injection route of vaccine delivery by immersion/oral route to overcome the limitations of the parenteral immunization method. Here, we encapsulated the inactivated VHSV vaccine with PLGA (poly lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PNPs-IV) and evaluated its ability to induce protective immunity in olive flounder (12.

Efficacy of a polyvalent injectable vaccine against Flavobacterium psychrophilum administered to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss L.).

Flavobacterium psychrophilum is one of the most important pathogens affecting cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Recent information from UK salmonid farms showed country-wide distribution of genetically and serologically divergent clones, which has hampered the development of a vaccine for rainbow trout fry syndrome. The current study assessed the efficacy of an injectable polyvalent vaccine containing formalin-inactivated F.

Comparison of antibacterial activity and phenolic constituents of bark, lignum, leaves and fruit of Rhus verniciflua.

Rhus verniciflua is commonly known as a lacquer tree in Korea. The bark of R. verniciflua has been used as an immunostimulator in traditional medicine, but also causes allergic dermatitis due to urushiol derivatives.

DNA vaccine encoding myristoylated membrane protein (MMP) of rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) induces protective immunity in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus).

Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) causes severe mass mortalities in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) in Korea. In this study, we investigated the potential of viral membrane protein to induce antiviral status protecting rock bream against RBIV infection. We found that fish administered with ORF008L (myristoylated membrane protein, MMP) vaccine exhibited significantly higher levels of survival compared to ORF007L (major capsid protein, MCP).

Efficacy of algal Ecklonia cava extract against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV).

The inhibition efficacy of an extract from Ecklonia cava (E. cava) was studied to determine whether the extract and compounds exhibited inhibitory activity against VHSV in the fathead minnow (FHM) cell line and following oral administration to the olive flounder. Based on its low toxicity and effective concentration, the E.

Analysis of genes encoding high-antigenicity polypeptides in three serotypes of Miamiensis avidus.

The ciliate Miamiensis avidus causes scuticociliatosis in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. We previously reported three serotypes of this ciliate distinguishable by serotype-specific antigenic polypeptides (serotype I, 30kDa; serotype II, 38kDa; serotype III, 34kDa). In this study, we determined the localization site of the serotype-specific polypeptides in the ciliate and determined the genes encoding the polypeptides, using the isolates IyoI (serotype I), Nakajima (serotype II), and Mie0301 (serotype III).