Identification and Characterisation of a Lethal Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus (ISKNV) From Indonesian Nile Tilapia Samples.

Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), a member of the species Megalocytivirus pagrus1, poses a significant threat to global aquaculture and has recently emerged as a major pathogen in farmed tilapia. This study reports the identification and characterisation of an ISKNV strain, designated ISKNV-VS456, isolated from a lethal outbreak in Indonesian farmed tilapia. A Nile tilapia challenge experiment confirmed the virus's high pathogenicity, causing 100% mortality by 10 days post-infection (dpi), with the kidney identified as a key site of viral replication.

Effects of Andrographolide-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers on Growth, Feed Efficiency, and Resistance to in Nile Tilapia ().

The increasing demand for sustainable disease management in aquaculture has intensified interest in plant-based therapeutics. This study evaluated the formulation and efficacy of andrographolide-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (AND-NLCs) in Nile tilapia () challenged with ENC06. AND-NLCs were prepared by the phase-inversion technique and characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and in vitro release profiling.

Probiotic and postbiotic effects of Bacillus velezensis AAHM-BV2354 on boosting immunity, growth performance, antioxidant activity and resistance to Edwardsiella tarda infection in pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus).

The increasing demand for Pangasianodon hypophthalmus underscores the importance of addressing disease-related productivity challenges. Probiotic feed additives present a promising approach for improving disease management, enhancing productivity, and promoting sustainable growth in pangasius farming. This study investigated the impact of dietary supplementation with probiotics, postbiotics, and their synergistic combination, utilising Bacillus velezensis AAHM-BV2354, on fish health, growth performance, oxidative stress status, innate immune responses and disease resistance in pangasius, aimed at preventing Edwardsiella tarda infection.

Effects of immersion vaccination in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) using a cationic lipid-based mucoadhesive nanovaccine against Edwardsiella ictaluri.

The striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), a commercially important aquaculture species, is severely impacted by Bacillary Necrosis of Pangasianodon (BNP), caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri, with mortality rates reaching up to 100 %. Vaccination presents a sustainable alternative to antibiotics, promoting disease control and aquaculture sustainability. This study aimed to develop a mucoadhesive chitosan-coated nanoemulsion (CS-NE) vaccine, characterize its physicochemical properties, and evaluate its efficacy against E.

Protection of Nile tilapia against Aeromonas hydrophila using a cobalt oxide nanoparticle vaccine containing inactivated whole cell bacteria.

Aeromonas hydrophila is a prevalent bacterial pathogen causing disease outbreaks in tilapia aquaculture. Vaccination has proved to be effective in protecting farmed tilapia against infectious diseases. In this study, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of a novel nanovaccine in protecting Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against A.

Development and characterization of an innovative Flavobacterium oreochromis antigen-encapsulated hydrogel bead for enhancing oral vaccine delivery in hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.).

Traditional oral vaccines often face several challenges, such as antigen degradation and poor immune activation due to harsh gastrointestinal conditions. To address this, an effective oral vaccine was developed using hydrogel beads made of sodium alginate (SA), calcium bentonite (BN), and chitosan (CS) to generate microspheres that can encapsulate F. oreochromis (Fo) cells as an oral vaccine (SA/BN/CS hydrogel Fo-OV) for hybrid red tilapia.

Serum Biomarkers in Atlantic Salmon for Differential Diagnosis of Cardiomyopathy Syndrome and Pancreas Disease: Proteomic Identification of Serum Fibrinogen to Enhance Troponin Immunoassay as Optimal Diagnostic Approach.

Cardiac viral diseases are among the major causes of economic losses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) aquaculture. These include cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) caused by piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) and pancreas disease (PD) caused by Atlantic salmonid alphavirus (SAV).

Evaluation of immune responses and protection in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer Bloch, 1790) against Vibrio vulnificus using immersion and oral nanoemulsion vaccines.

Vaccination is an important strategy in aquaculture for enhancing disease resistance and ensuring the health and productivity of cultured fish. This study investigated the distinct systemic and mucosal immune responses elicited by immersion (ImV) and oral (OrV) nanoemulsion vaccines encapsulating Vibrio vulnificus in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). Two vaccination methods, ImV and OrV, were administered to separate groups of Asian seabass, followed by challenges with V.

Intestinal mucosal transcriptomic responses of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) vaccinated with an oral hydrogel-encapsulated multivalent Vibrio antigen following Vibrio spp. infection.

This study examined the intestinal mucosal immune responses elicited by an oral hydrogel-encapsulated multivalent Vibrio vaccine in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) to protect against vibriosis caused by Vibrio harveyi, V. vulnificus, and Photobacterium damselae (formerly Vibrio damsela). Both 7-day and 14-day oral vaccination regimens effectively enhanced innate and adaptive immune responses while supporting gut recovery post-infection.

Effectiveness of a new cationic lipid-based nanovaccine for enhancing immersion vaccination against Flavobacterium oreochromis in red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.).

Flavobacterium oreochromis (Fo) poses a significant threat to tilapia, leading to economic losses due to mortality. Immersion vaccines, while practical for small fish, often result in limited antigen absorption. This study aimed to develop a cationic lipid-based nanoparticle vaccine using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and evaluate its efficacy against F.

Evaluation of a hydrogel platform for encapsulated multivalent Vibrio antigen delivery to enhance immune responses and disease protection against vibriosis in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer).

This study reports the development and evaluation of a novel multivalent oral hydrogel vaccine designed to protect Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) against vibriosis caused by multiple Vibrio species. The hydrogel formulation, composed of alginate and bentonite, was engineered to encapsulate three Vibrio pathogens (V. harveyi, V.

Screening and Characterization of Sialic Acid-Binding Variable Lymphocyte Receptors from Hagfish.

Sialic acid is a diverse group of monosaccharides often found on the termini of - and -linked glycans as well as being components of glycoconjugates. Hypersialylation has been associated with the progression of chronic inflammation-mediated diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Given its role in infection and disease-related processes, sialic acid is a promising target for therapeutic approaches that utilize carbohydrate-binding molecules.

Passive immunoprophylaxis with Ccombodies against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei).

The Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp secretes toxins A and B (PirA/PirB). These toxins have been implicated in pathogenesis and are targets for developing anti-AHPND therapeutics or prophylactics that include passive immunization. We have previously reported that Ccombodies (recombinant hagfish variable lymphocyte receptor B antibodies; VLRB) targeting PirB conferred protection against V.

Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Nile tilapia ( ) fed diets supplemented with guava and star gooseberry leaf extract.

Background: Nile tilapia ( ) is predominant cultured species in aquaculture. However, there is a scarcity of literature regarding relationship between guava and star gooseberry leaf extract and the condition factor. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the effect of guava and star gooseberry leaf extract-supplemented diets on the specific growth rate, length-weight relationship, and condition factor of Nile tilapia.

Protective efficiency and immune responses to single and booster doses of formalin-inactivated scale drop disease virus (SDDV) vaccine in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer).

Background: Scale drop disease virus (SDDV) threatens Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) aquaculture production by causing scale drop disease (SDD) in Asian seabass. Research on the development of SDDV vaccines is missing an in-depth examination of long-term immunity and the immune reactions it provokes. This study investigated the long-term immune protection and responses elicited by an SDDV vaccine.

Insect meal in aquafeeds: A sustainable path to enhanced mucosal immunity in fish.

The mucosal surfaces of fish, including their intestines, gills, and skin, are constantly exposed to various environmental threats, such as water quality fluctuations, pollutants, and pathogens. However, various cells and microbiota closely associated with these surfaces work in tandem to create a functional protective barrier against these conditions. Recent research has shown that incorporating specific feed ingredients into fish diets can significantly boost their mucosal and general immune response.

Leveraging the biotechnological promise of the hagfish variable lymphocyte receptors: tools for aquatic microbial diseases.

The jawless vertebrates (agnathans/cyclostomes) are ancestral animals comprising lampreys and hagfishes as the only extant representatives. They possess an alternative adaptive immune system (AIS) that uses leucine-rich repeats (LRR)-based variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) instead of the immunoglobulin (Ig)-based antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes). The different VLR types are expressed on agnathan lymphocytes and functionally resemble gnathostome antigen receptors.

Mucosal barrier status in Atlantic salmon fed rapeseed oil and Schizochytrium oil partly or fully replacing fish oil through winter depression.

The study was designed to investigate the effects of replacing fish oil by algal oil and rapeseed oil on histomorphology indices of the intestine, skin and gill, mucosal barrier status and immune-related genes of mucin and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). For these purposes, Atlantic salmon smolts were fed three different diets. The first was a control diet containing fish oil but no Schizochytrium oil.

Knowns and unknowns of TiLV-associated neuronal disease.

Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) is associated with pathological changes in the brain of infected fish, but the mechanisms driving the virus's neuropathogenesis remain poorly characterized. TiLV establishes a persistent infection in the brain of infected fish even when the virus is no longer detectable in the peripheral organs, rendering therapeutic interventions and disease management challenging. Moreover, the persistence of the virus in the brain may pose a risk for viral reinfection and spread and contribute to ongoing tissue damage and neuroinflammatory processes.

Effect of Leaf Extract on the Growth Performance, Hematology, Innate Immunity, and Disease Resistance of Nile Tilapia () against Biotype 2.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of leaf (MLE) extract-supplemented diets on the growth, feed utilization, hematology, innate immune response, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia against Biotype 2. Four hundred and fifty Nile tilapia (32.61 ± 0.

Systemic and mucosal immune responses in red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) following immersion vaccination with a chitosan polymer-based nanovaccine against Aeromonas veronii.

A mucoadhesive chitosan polymer-based nanoplatform has been increasingly recognized as an effective mucosal vaccine delivery system for fish. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of immersion vaccination with a chitosan polymer-based nanovaccine to elicit an immune response in serum and mucus of red tilapia and evaluate its protective efficacy after immersion challenge with a heterogenous strain of Aeromonas veronii UDRT09. Six hundred red tilapia (22 ± 1.

Addressing Nanovaccine Strategies for Tilapia.

Tilapia is the world's most extensively farmed species after carp. It is an attractive species for aquaculture as it grows quickly, reaching harvest size within six to seven months of production, and provides an important source of food and revenue for many low-income families, especially in low- to middle-income countries. The expansion of tilapia aquaculture has resulted in an intensification of farming systems, and this has been associated with increased disease outbreaks caused by various pathogens, mostly bacterial and viral agents.

CD4 T lymphocyte responses to viruses and virus-relevant stimuli in teleost fish.

Fish diseases caused by viruses are a major threat to aquaculture. Development of disease protection strategies for sustainable fish aquaculture requires a better understanding of the immune mechanisms involved in antiviral defence. The innate and adaptive arms of the vertebrate immune system collaborate to mount an effective defence against viral pathogens.

Immune responses to Tilapia lake virus infection: what we know and what we don't know.

Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a novel contagious pathogen associated with a lethal disease affecting and decimating tilapia populations on several continents across the globe. Fish viral diseases, such as Tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD), represent a serious threat to tilapia aquaculture. Therefore, a better understanding of the innate immune responses involved in establishing an antiviral state can help shed light on TiLV disease pathogenesis.