In utero exposure to a mixture of phthalates, parabens, and other phenols and menstrual cycle characteristics in adolescents.

Phthalates, parabens, and other phenols are present in consumer products humans use every day, including personal care products and food packaging. Exposure to these chemicals may have endocrine disrupting effects. The menstrual cycle is guided by the rise and fall of hormones, which may be disrupted by exposure to these chemicals.

Persistent organochlorine pesticides and cardiometabolic outcomes among middle-aged Latina women in a California agricultural community: The CHAMACOS Maternal Cognition Study.

Objective: Environmental exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds is hypothesized to increase risk of cardiovascular disease through effects on obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. We examined the relationship between serum concentrations of persistent organochlorine pesticides and biologic markers of inflammation and cardiometabolic disease, measured over a decade later, in a cohort of middle-aged and primarily immigrant Latina women living in an underserved agricultural community in California.

Material And Methods: We used data from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas-Maternal Cognition Study (CHAMACOS-MCS).

Undernutrition and antibody response to measles, tetanus and Haemophilus Influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination in pre-school south African children: The VHEMBE birth cohort study.

Background: Under-vaccination is undoubtedly driving recent worldwide measles outbreaks, but undernutrition may also be playing a role in low- and middle-income countries. Studies have shown reduced immune response to vaccines in undernourished children but few have followed children beyond infancy, when they are more likely to be exposed to infectious diseases.

Methods: In the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and the Environment (VHEMBE) South African birth cohort study, we examined the relationship between undernutrition, as measured by stunting and other growth measures, and vaccine-specific serum antibody level to three different vaccine types: measles, tetanus and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib).

Postnatal growth of etiologically characterized preterm newborns according to gestational age at birth.

Objective: To examine the relationship between etiologically-based preterm birth sub-groups and early postnatal growth according to gestational age at birth.

Methods: Prospective, multinational, cohort study involving 15 hospitals that monitored preterm newborns to hospital discharge. Measures/exposures: maternal demographics; etiologically-based preterm birth sub-groups; very, moderate and late preterm categories, and feeding.

Validation of Variables for Use in Pediatric Obesity Risk Score Development in Demographically and Racially Diverse United States Cohorts.

Objective: To evaluate the performance of childhood obesity prediction models in four independent cohorts in the United States, using previously validated variables obtained easily from medical records as measured in different clinical settings.

Study Design: Data from four prospective cohorts, Latinx, Eating, and Diabetes; Stress in Pregnancy Study; Project Viva; and Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas were used to test childhood obesity risk models and predict childhood obesity by ages 4 through 6, using five clinical variables (maternal age, maternal prepregnancy body mass index, birth weight Z-score, weight-for-age Z-score change, and breastfeeding), derived from a previously validated risk model and as measured in each cohort's clinical setting. Multivariable logistic regression was performed within each cohort, and performance of each model was assessed based on discrimination and predictive accuracy.

Impacts of COVID-19 shelter in place across key life domains among immigrant farmworker Latina mothers and young adults.

Objective: Individuals and families from racial and ethnic groups experience social and economic disadvantage making them vulnerable to the disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study sought to capture the impacts of Shelter in Place (SIP) across key life domains including family life, education, work, mental health, and coping strategies among a sample of Mexican-origin mothers who were currently engaged in agricultural work, or whose spouses were engaged in agricultural work, and young adults who had a parent working in agriculture.

Method: During the summer of 2020, while California was under SIP orders, we conducted three virtual focus groups using Zoom(r).

Childhood exposure to organophosphate pesticides: Functional connectivity and working memory in adolescents.

Background: Early life exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides is linked with adverse neurodevelopment and brain function in children. However, we have limited knowledge of how these exposures affect functional connectivity, a measure of interaction between brain regions. To address this gap, we examined the association between early life OP pesticide exposure and functional connectivity in adolescents.

Residential proximity to agricultural pesticide use and cardiovascular disease risk factors among adult Latina women in California's Salinas Valley.

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. There is limited evidence that exposure to current-use pesticides may contribute to cardiovascular disease risk. We examined the association between residential proximity to the application of agricultural pesticides and cardiovascular risk factors among 484 adult women in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) Study, a cohort based in an agricultural region of California.

Organophosphate pesticide exposure and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Several studies have reported immune modulation by organophosphate (OP) pesticides, but the relationship between OP exposure and SARS-CoV-2 infection is yet to be studied. We used two different measures of OP pesticide exposure (urinary biomarkers (N = 154) and residential proximity to OP applications (N = 292)) to examine the association of early-childhood and lifetime exposure to OPs and risk of infection of SARS-CoV-2 using antibody data. Our study population consisted of young adults (ages 18-21 years) from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) Study, a longitudinal cohort of families from a California agricultural region.

Prenatal and childhood exposure to organophosphate pesticides and functional brain imaging in young adults.

Background: Early life exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides has been linked with poorer neurodevelopment from infancy to adolescence. In our Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) birth cohort, we previously reported that residential proximity to OP use during pregnancy was associated with altered cortical activation using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a small subset (n = 95) of participants at age 16 years.

Methods: We administered fNIRS to 291 CHAMACOS young adults at the 18-year visit.

Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences and Young Adult Latino Children's Mental Health.

Introduction: Maternal adverse childhood experiences have been linked to a variety of negative health outcomes in young children; however, young adults and, specifically, young adult Latinos have been vastly understudied. This study investigates the intergenerational pathway between maternal adverse childhood experiences and behavioral health outcomes of their young adult children, as mediated through young adults' own adverse childhood experiences and maternal depression.

Methods: Structural equation modeling was used to analyze data (in 2023) from mothers and their young adult children (n=398 dyads) enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas cohort, a primarily Latino agricultural sample.

Prenatal and Childhood Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides and Behavior Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults in the CHAMACOS Study.

Background: We previously reported associations of prenatal exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides with poorer neurodevelopment in early childhood and at school age, including poorer cognitive function and more behavioral problems, in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS), a birth cohort study in an agriculture community.

Objective: We investigated the extent to which early-life exposure to OP pesticides is associated with behavioral problems, including mental health, in youth during adolescence and early adulthood.

Methods: We measured urinary dialkylphosphates (DAPs), nonspecific OP metabolites, in urine samples collected from mothers twice during pregnancy (13 and 26 wk) and at five different times in their children (ages 6 months to 5 y).

Changes in Young Latino Adults' Depressive and Anxious Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Related Stressors.

Purpose: Youth are vulnerable to poor mental health outcomes during emerging adulthood. This study examined COVID-19 pandemic effects among young Latino adults and changes in anxiety and depressive symptoms.

Methods: Using data from 309 individuals, predominantly of Mexican origin, we examined anxiety and depressive symptoms (before and during COVID) to determine whether mental health worsened during this period.

Association of Lifetime Exposure to Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (AMPA) with Liver Inflammation and Metabolic Syndrome at Young Adulthood: Findings from the CHAMACOS Study.

Background: The prevalence of liver disorders and metabolic syndrome has increased among youth. Glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide worldwide, could contribute to the development of these conditions.

Objective: We aimed to assess whether lifetime exposure to glyphosate and its degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), is associated with elevated liver transaminases and metabolic syndrome among young adults.

Pregnancy outcomes and vaccine effectiveness during the period of omicron as the variant of concern, INTERCOVID-2022: a multinational, observational study.

Background: In 2021, we showed an increased risk associated with COVID-19 in pregnancy. Since then, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has undergone genetic mutations. We aimed to examine the effects on maternal and perinatal outcomes of COVID-19 during pregnancy, and evaluate vaccine effectiveness, when omicron (B.

Residential proximity to agricultural pesticide use and risk-taking behaviors in young adults from the CHAMACOS study.

Background: Prenatal pesticide exposure has been associated with poorer neurodevelopment during childhood, which could lead to greater risk-taking behaviors and delinquency in adolescence. This association may be augmented by adversity exposure.

Objectives: Evaluate the relationship between prenatal pesticide exposure and risk-taking behavior in young adults at 18-years of age.

Association between fetal abdominal growth trajectories, maternal metabolite signatures early in pregnancy, and childhood growth and adiposity: prospective observational multinational INTERBIO-21st fetal study.

Background: Obesity predominantly affects populations in high-income countries and those countries facing epidemiological transition. The risk of childhood obesity is increased among infants who had overweight or obesity at birth, but in low-resource settings one in five infants are born small for gestational age. We aimed to study the relationships between: (1) maternal metabolite signatures; (2) fetal abdominal growth; and (3) postnatal growth, adiposity, and neurodevelopment.

In-utero exposure to DDT and pyrethroids and child behavioral and emotional problems at 2 years of age in the VHEMBE cohort, South Africa.

Background: Half the world's population is at risk for malaria. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) with insecticides has been effective in controlling malaria, yet the potential neurotoxicity of these insecticides is of concern, particularly for infants exposed in utero.

Objectives: To determine the association of prenatal exposure to DDT/DDE and pyrethroid insecticides and behavioral/emotional problems in two-year-old children.

Maternal exposure to DDT, DDE, and pyrethroid insecticides for malaria vector control and hypospadias in the VHEMBE birth cohort study, Limpopo, South Africa.

Hypospadias is the ectopic opening of the urethra on the penis or scrotum. Exposure to estrogenic and/or anti-androgenic chemicals in utero may play an etiologic role. DDT and the pyrethroids cypermethrin and deltamethrin, are used to control malaria.

Effects of prenatal exposure to maternal COVID-19 and perinatal care on neonatal outcome: results from the INTERCOVID Multinational Cohort Study.

Background: The effect of COVID-19 in pregnancy on maternal outcomes and its association with preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus have been reported; however, a detailed understanding of the effects of maternal positivity, delivery mode, and perinatal practices on fetal and neonatal outcomes is urgently needed.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on fetal and neonatal outcomes and the role of mode of delivery, breastfeeding, and early neonatal care practices on the risk of mother-to-child transmission.

Study Design: In this cohort study that took place from March 2020 to March 2021, involving 43 institutions in 18 countries, 2 unmatched, consecutive, unexposed women were concomitantly enrolled immediately after each infected woman was identified, at any stage of pregnancy or delivery, and at the same level of care to minimize bias.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on California Farmworkers' Mental Health and Food Security.

Objectives: To examine the mental health and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Latino farmworkers in California.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of adult farmworkers (n = 1,115) between July 16 and November 30, 2020. We collected information via phone interviews.

Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and risk-taking behaviors in early adulthood.

Introduction: Previous studies show evidence for associations of prenatal exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides with poorer childhood neurodevelopment. As children grow older, poorer cognition, executive function, and school performance can give rise to risk-taking behaviors, including substance abuse, delinquency, and violent acts. We investigated whether prenatal OP exposure was associated with these risk-taking behaviors in adolescence and young adulthood in a Mexican American cohort.

Diabetes mellitus, maternal adiposity, and insulin-dependent gestational diabetes are associated with COVID-19 in pregnancy: the INTERCOVID study.

Background: Among nonpregnant individuals, diabetes mellitus and high body mass index increase the risk of COVID-19 and its severity.

Objective: This study aimed to determine whether diabetes mellitus and high body mass index are risk factors for COVID-19 in pregnancy and whether gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with COVID-19 diagnosis.

Study Design: INTERCOVID was a multinational study conducted between March 2020 and February 2021 in 43 institutions from 18 countries, enrolling 2184 pregnant women aged ≥18 years; a total of 2071 women were included in the analyses.