Investigating the Impact of Elevated CO on Biomass Accumulation and Mineral Concentration in Foliar and Edible Tissues in Soybeans.

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels are expected to enhance biomass and yield in C crops. However, these benefits are accompanied by significant reductions in the concentrations of essential nutrients in both foliar and edible tissues, posing potential global nutritional challenges. In this study, we grew three soybean cultivars (Clark, Flyer, and Loda) in ambient ( ~ 438 ppm) and elevated CO₂ ( ~ 650 ppm) conditions using open top chambers and measured changes in leaf-level physiological responses, biomass accumulation, and nutrient concentrations across developmental stages.

Extreme Dry-Heat Climate Impacts on Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity in Wheat Production: Insights and Mitigation Strategies.

Extreme dry-heat (EDH) climate poses significant challenges to global food production and exacerbates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, impeding efforts to mitigate agricultural climate impacts. However, the concurrent effects of long-term EDH climate and mitigation strategies on cropland productivity and GHG emissions remain poorly understood. Here, we integrated field observations, agroecosystem model outputs, and nursery data to examine how environmental factors and management practices influence wheat GHG emission intensity across the U.

Carbon analysis of large soil samples using the tagged neutron method: Accounting for radiation attenuation.

Non-destructive methodology for determining carbon content in large or semi-infinite (soil) samples is discussed. This methodology is based on deconvoluting the sample's gamma spectra (received by tagged neutron method) on the sample component's spectra by accounting for neutron and gamma radiation attenuations. This algorithm was tested with both Monte-Carlo simulations and experimental gamma spectra.

Belowground Response of a Bahiagrass Pasture to Long-Term Elevated [CO] and Soil Fertility Management.

Effects of rising atmospheric CO concentration [CO] on pastures and grazing lands are beginning to be researched, but these important systems remain understudied compared to other agronomic and forest ecosystems. Therefore, we conducted a long-term (2005-2015) study of bahiagrass ( Flüggé) response to elevated [CO] and fertility management. The study was conducted at the USDA-ARS, National Soil Dynamics Laboratory open-top field chamber facility, Auburn, AL.

Net greenhouse gas balance in U.S. croplands: How can soils be part of the climate solution?

Agricultural soils play a dual role in regulating the Earth's climate by releasing or sequestering carbon dioxide (CO ) in soil organic carbon (SOC) and emitting non-CO greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as nitrous oxide (N O) and methane (CH ). To understand how agricultural soils can play a role in climate solutions requires a comprehensive assessment of net soil GHG balance (i.e.

Accumulation Capacity of Nickel and Zinc in Yerba Mate Cultivated in Soils with Contrasting Parent Materials.

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill.) has shown a relatively high capacity for micronutrient absorption and could be a candidate for biofortification and combating a lack of micronutrients.

Estimating peanut and soybean photosynthetic traits using leaf spectral reflectance and advance regression models.

By combining hyperspectral signatures of peanut and soybean, we predicted V and J with 70 and 50% accuracy. The PLS was the model that better predicted these photosynthetic parameters. One proposed key strategy for increasing potential crop stability and yield centers on exploitation of genotypic variability in photosynthetic capacity through precise high-throughput phenotyping techniques.

Satellite-detected ammonia changes in the United States: Natural or anthropogenic impacts.

Ammonia (NH) is the most abundant alkaline component and can react with atmospheric acidic species to form aerosols that can lead to numerous environmental and health issues. Increasing atmospheric NH over agricultural regions in the US has been documented. However, spatiotemporal changes of NH concentrations over the entire US are still not thoroughly understood, and the factors that drive these changes remain unknown.

Multi-elemental Analysis and Health Risk Assessment of Commercial Yerba Mate from Brazil.

Consumption of yerba mate occurs mostly in the form of hot infusion (chimarrão). Water solubility of elements found in commercialized yerba mate is needed to establish nutritional value and risks associated with potentially toxic elements. In this study, yerba mate products marketed in three Brazilian states (Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul) for chimarrão were analyzed.

Manganese hyperaccumulation capacity of Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. and occurrence of interveinal chlorosis induced by transient toxicity.

Manganese (Mn) toxicity is common in plants grown on very acid soils. However, some plants species that grow in this condition can take up high amounts of Mn and are referred to as hyperaccumulating species. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of Ilex paraguariensis to accumulate Mn and the effect of excessive concentrations on plant growth and nutrition.

Elemental composition of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.) under low input systems of southern Brazil.

Elemental composition of food can be used to determine nutritional potential as well as guiding legislation for establishing maximum acceptable limits (MAL) of metals in consumption products. This study aimed to determine the elemental background levels of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.

Assessing soil contamination in automobile scrap yards by portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and magnetic susceptibility.

A by-product of industrialization and population growth, automobile scrap yards are a potential source of metal contamination in soil. This study evaluated the use of portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry and magnetic susceptibility (χ) analysis in assessing metal soil contamination in scrap yards located in Brazil. Five automobile scrap yards were selected in Curitiba, Paraná State (CB1, CB2, and CB3) and Lavras, Minas Gerais State (LV1 and LV2).

Tagged neutron method for carbon analysis of large soil samples.

Laboratory determination of carbon content in 30-50 kg soil samples is described. The method is based on the tagged neutron technique. Procedure for carbon determination in such samples was developed based on a physical model and Monte-Carlo simulations (Geant4) of neutron stimulated gamma spectra.

Elemental composition and nutritional value of seeds from subtropical Brazil.

Consumed by populations in South America, seeds have received little study regarding elemental composition and nutritional value. Thirty-five seed sites from subtropical Brazil were sampled and seed concentrations of C, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mo, Ni, Co, Cr, Ba, and Cd were determined. The highest concentration of N was observed in samples from regions with Cfa climate (humid subtropical, oceanic climate, without dry season with hot summer) and igneous rock, which was superior to regions with Cfb climate (humid subtropical, oceanic climate, without dry season with temperate summer) and metamorphic rock.

Global ammonia emissions from synthetic nitrogen fertilizer applications in agricultural systems: Empirical and process-based estimates and uncertainty.

Excessive ammonia (NH ) emitted from nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications in global croplands plays an important role in atmospheric aerosol production, resulting in visibility reduction and regional haze. However, large uncertainty exists in the estimates of NH emissions from global and regional croplands, which utilize different data and methods. In this study, we have coupled a process-based Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) with the bidirectional NH exchange module in the Community Multiscale Air-Quality (CMAQ) model (DLEM-Bi-NH ) to quantify NH emissions at the global and regional scale, and crop-specific NH emissions globally at a spatial resolution of 0.

Measurements of Soil Carbon by Neutron-Gamma Analysis in Static and Scanning Modes.

The herein described application of the inelastic neutron scattering (INS) method for soil carbon analysis is based on the registration and analysis of gamma rays created when neutrons interact with soil elements. The main parts of the INS system are a pulsed neutron generator, NaI(Tl) gamma detectors, split electronics to separate gamma spectra due to INS and thermo-neutron capture (TNC) processes, and software for gamma spectra acquisition and data processing. This method has several advantages over other methods in that it is a non-destructive in situ method that measures the average carbon content in large soil volumes, is negligibly impacted by local sharp changes in soil carbon, and can be used in stationary or scanning modes.

Applying Monte-Carlo simulations to optimize an inelastic neutron scattering system for soil carbon analysis.

Computer Monte-Carlo (MC) simulations (Geant4) of neutron propagation and acquisition of gamma response from soil samples was applied to evaluate INS system performance characteristic [minimal detectible level (MDL), sensitivity] for soil carbon measurement. The INS system model with best performance characteristics was determined based on MC simulation results. Measurements of MDL using an experimental prototype based on this model demonstrated good agreement with simulated data.

Nitrogen-mediated effects of elevated CO on intra-aggregate soil pore structure.

Soil pore structure has a strong influence on water retention, and is itself influenced by plant and microbial dynamics such as root proliferation and microbial exudation. Although increased nitrogen (N) availability and elevated atmospheric CO concentrations (eCO ) often have interacting effects on root and microbial dynamics, it is unclear whether these biotic effects can translate into altered soil pore structure and water retention. This study was based on a long-term experiment (7 yr at the time of sampling) in which a C pasture grass (Paspalum notatum) was grown on a sandy loam soil while provided factorial additions of N and CO .

Species and Media Effects on Soil Carbon Dynamics in the Landscape.

Three woody shrub species [cleyera (Ternstroemia gymnanthera Thunb. 'Conthery'), Indian hawthorn (Rhaphiolepis indica L.) and loropetalum (Loropetalum chinensis Oliv.

Application of Geant4 simulation for analysis of soil carbon inelastic neutron scattering measurements.

Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) was applied to determine soil carbon content. Due to non-uniform soil carbon depth distribution, the correlation between INS signals with some soil carbon content parameter is not obvious; however, a proportionality between INS signals and average carbon weight percent in ~10cm layer for any carbon depth profile is demonstrated using Monte-Carlo simulation (Geant4). Comparison of INS and dry combustion measurements confirms this conclusion.

Varied Growth Response of Cogongrass Ecotypes to Elevated CO2.

Cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv] is an invasive C4 perennial grass which is listed as one of the top ten worst weeds in the world and is a major problem in the Southeast US.

"Hot background" of the mobile inelastic neutron scattering system for soil carbon analysis.

The problem of gamma spectrum peak identification arises when conducting soil carbon analysis using the inelastic neutron scattering (INS) system. Some spectral peaks could be associated with radioisotopes appearing due to neutron activation of both the measurement system and soil samples. The investigation of "hot background" gamma spectra from the construction materials, whole measurement system, and soil samples over time showed that activation of (28)Al isotope can contribute noticeable additions to the soil neutron stimulated gamma spectra.

Control of yellow and purple nutsedge in elevated CO2 environments with glyphosate and halosulfuron.

Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) have significantly increased over the past century and are expected to continue rising in the future. While elevated levels of CO2 will likely result in higher crop yields, weed growth is also highly likely to increase, which could increase the incidence of herbicide resistant biotypes. An experiment was conducted in 2012 to determine the effects of an elevated CO2 environment on glyphosate and halosulfuron efficacy for postemergence control of purple and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.

Effects of elevated CO2 on biomass and fungi associated with two ecotypes of ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.).

Herbicide resistant weed populations have developed due to the repeated application of herbicides. Elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 can have positive effects on weed growth, but how rising CO2 might affect herbicide resistant weeds is not known. Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.

Tropical spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis L.) increases growth under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Although considerable effort is being spent studying exotic plant pests, little consideration has been given as to how invasive plants might react to the increasing concentration of CO(2) in the atmosphere. Tropical spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis L.) is considered one the world's worst weeds and is becoming more of a problem in agricultural settings of the southeastern USA.