Activating nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 2 in adipocyte stem cells rescues beige adipocyte metabolism impaired by excess early-life omega-6 fatty acids.

Background And Aims: Developmental exposure to an elevated ratio of omega-6 (n6) to omega-3 (n3) fatty acids (FA) is linked to increased infant body fat and risk of future childhood obesity. We demonstrated in mice that the high n6/n3 developmental exposure reduced nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 2 (NR2F2) in Adipocyte Stem Cells (ASCs), coincident with an altered ASC mitochondrial expression profile and increased white adipose accumulation in pups. This suggested that NR2F2-low ASCs might adopt a nutrient-storage phenotype.

NR2F2 Reactivation in Early-life Adipocyte Stem-like Cells Rescues Adipocyte Mitochondrial Oxidation.

In humans, perinatal exposure to an elevated omega-6 (n6) relative to omega-3 (n3) Fatty Acid (FA) ratio is associated with the likelihood of childhood obesity. In mice, we show perinatal exposure to excessive n6-FA programs neonatal Adipocyte Stem-like cells (ASCs) to differentiate into adipocytes with lower mitochondrial nutrient oxidation and a propensity for nutrient storage. Omega-6 FA exposure reduced fatty acid oxidation (FAO) capacity, coinciding with impaired induction of beige adipocyte regulatory factors PPARγ, PGC1α, PRDM16, and UCP1.

Silencing Nrf2 in cisplatin resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells augments sensitivity towards EGFR inhibitor.

Recently, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been the prime concern of cancer clinicians due to its high mortality rate worldwide. Cisplatin, a platinum derivative, has been used as a therapeutic option for treating metastatic NSCLC for several years. However, acquired, or intrinsic drug resistance to Cisplatin is the major obstacle to the successful treatment outcome of patients.

Adipocyte Mitochondria: Deciphering Energetic Functions across Fat Depots in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.

Adipose tissue, a central player in energy balance, exhibits significant metabolic flexibility that is often compromised in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Mitochondrial dysfunction within adipocytes leads to inefficient lipid handling and increased oxidative stress, which together promote systemic metabolic disruptions central to obesity and its complications. This review explores the pivotal role that mitochondria play in altering the metabolic functions of the primary adipocyte types, white, brown, and beige, within the context of obesity and T2D.

Nrf2 inhibition regulates intracellular lipid accumulation in mouse insulinoma cells and improves insulin secretory function.

High amount of fat in the pancreas is linked to poor functioning of β-cells and raises the risk of type 2 diabetes. Here we report the putative role of a circulatory glycoprotein Fetuin-A, a known obesity marker, in promoting lipid accumulation in β-cells and its association with Fatty acid translocase/CD36 for lipid storage culminate in β-cell dysfunction. Additionally, this work reveals regulation of CD36 via Nrf2, a key regulator of oxidative stress, and reduction of lipid accumulation by suppression of Nrf2 that restores β-cell function.

Spontaneous Rectus Sheath Hematoma.

Rectus sheath hematoma (RSH) is one of the surgical emergencies that mimics peritonitis or other causes of acute abdominal pain. It is usually seen in old age, post-trauma, anticoagulation therapy pregnancy, chronic cough, and liver disease. Nevertheless, RSHs can be spontaneous without any underlying predisposing factors.

Aortoesophageal Fistula Occurring Due to Aortic Aneurysm.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a rare presentation of the aortoesophageal fistula (AEF) and is usually caused by thoracic aortic aneurysms. We present the case of a 61-year-old male who presented with chest pain and hematemesis. A chest X-ray showed a widened mediastinum.

A Rare Phenomenon of Stercoral Ileal Perforation in a Pregnant Woman.

Perforation peritonitis is one of the most common emergency presentations in Indian hospitals. Stercoral perforations are rare due to increased intraluminal pressure on the gut wall from impacted feces. This is associated with transmural necrosis.

Cardiac Arrest Due to Anaphylactic Shock Following Vecuronium Injection.

Anaphylaxis under anesthesia is a rare but potentially severe disease. Although anaphylaxis is rare, it can be lethal if not diagnosed and treated appropriately. We present the case of a 43-year-old male with no prior allergy history who experienced a severe anaphylactic reaction that resulted in cardiac arrest after the intravenous injection of vecuronium.

Metabolic benefits of 17α-estradiol in liver are partially mediated by ERβ in male mice.

Metabolic dysfunction underlies several chronic diseases. Dietary interventions can reverse metabolic declines and slow aging but remaining compliant is difficult. 17α-estradiol (17α-E2) treatment improves metabolic parameters and slows aging in male mice without inducing significant feminization.

Small Cell Carcinoma of the Gallbladder.

Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder (GB) is a rare, highly dismal lethal disease with a fatal prognosis. A 45-year-old female presented with right upper abdomen pain and multiple vomiting episodes. Imaging studies showed diffuse thickening of the wall of the GB with locoregional invasion into the nearby structures with extensive abdominal lymph node metastasis and arteriovenous encasements.

Tension Pneumoperitoneum as a Result of Diastatic Perforation.

Tension pneumoperitoneum is a vapid presentation of pneumoperitoneum, which generally refers to free air in the abdomen and can mimic abdominal compartment syndrome. A diastatic perforation in the abdomen refers to a perforation of the cecum due to a distal obstruction in the colon, manifesting as a closed-loop syndrome. We present a 46-year-old male diagnosed with obstructed left inguinal hernia who underwent hernioplasty.

Metabolic benefits of 17α-estradiol in liver are partially mediated by ERβ in male mice.

Metabolic dysfunction underlies several chronic diseases. Dietary interventions can reverse metabolic declines and slow aging but remaining compliant is difficult. 17α-estradiol (17α-E2) treatment improves metabolic parameters and slows aging in male mice without inducing significant feminization.

Adipose tissue macrophages and their role in obesity-associated insulin resistance: an overview of the complex dynamics at play.

Obesity, a major global health concern, is characterized by serious imbalance between energy intake and expenditure leading to excess accumulation of fat in adipose tissue (AT). A state of chronic low-grade AT inflammation is prevalent during obesity. The adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) with astounding heterogeneity and complex regulation play a decisive role in mediating obesity-induced insulin resistance.

Paraneoplastic leukemoid syndrome in squamous cell carcinoma of the forearm.

The paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction is a rare haematological paraneoplastic syndrome, which is typically seen with solid tumours and squamous cell carcinomas. As an indication of bone marrow infiltration and malignancy involvement, it indicates a poor outcome and a grave prognosis. We report a woman in her 50s, who presented with an ulcer over the right forearm.

Neonatal intake of Omega-3 fatty acids enhances lipid oxidation in adipocyte precursors.

Establishing metabolic programming begins during fetal and postnatal development, and early-life lipid exposures play a critical role during neonatal adipogenesis. We define how neonatal consumption of a low omega-6 to -3 fatty acid ratio (n6/n3 FA ratio) establishes FA oxidation in adipocyte precursor cells (APCs) before they become adipocytes. , APCs isolated from mouse pups exposed to the low n6/n3 FA ratio had superior FA oxidation capacity, elevated beige adipocyte mRNAs Ppargc1α, Ucp2, and Runx1, and increased nuclear receptor NR2F2 protein.

Iatrogenic Benign Subcutaneous Emphysema of the Left Upper Limb.

Subcutaneous emphysema refers to the presence of air in the subcutaneous planes of the body. It may result from a benign cause like trauma, accidental injection, or entry of air through a negative pressure gradient, or it could be a part of the life-threatening ailment in the form of necrotizing fasciitis with gas gangrene. We report a 31-year-old male who sustained trauma to the hand followed by pressurized air injection into the wound resulting in the subcutaneous emphysema of the left upper limb.

Spontaneous Evisceration of Small Bowel in Incisional Hernia.

Spontaneous rupture of an incisional hernia leading to the evisceration of the intra-abdominal organs is one of the malefic complications seen in these patients. In addition to its rarity, it gets accompanied by possible lethality in the form of incarceration, sequential strangulation, necrosis, and eventual gangrene. If not treated aptly, the clinical scenario could lead to a life-threatening condition with a delay in timely intervention.

Incarcerated Epigastric Hernia.

An epigastric hernia is a form of ventral hernia. Most of these contain preperitoneal fat or the omentum. Herniation of intra-abdominal organs, a rare form of rectus sheath midline herniations, is seldom seen, and incarcerations in these cases are rare.

Fulminant Necrotizing Pyomyositis Tropicans.

Pyomyositis tropicans is a purulent invasive infection of the striated muscle tissues, usually caused by Gram-positive bacteria and Streptococcus in immunocompromised patients. We hereby report a case of fulminant necrotizing pyomyositis that occurred in a 16-year-old immunocompetent patient, and it is the first one of its kind to the best of our knowledge. The patient underwent imaging which suggested extensive intramuscular abdominal wall abscess formation, for which the patient underwent multiple surgical debridements of the lateral thoracic wall.

Fetuin-A regulates adipose tissue macrophage content and activation in insulin resistant mice through MCP-1 and iNOS: involvement of IFNγ-JAK2-STAT1 pathway.

In the context of obesity-induced adipose tissue (AT) inflammation, migration of macrophages and their polarization from predominantly anti-inflammatory to proinflammatory subtype is considered a pivotal event in the loss of adipose insulin sensitivity. Two major chemoattractants, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and Fetuin-A (FetA), have been reported to stimulate macrophage migration into inflamed AT instigating inflammation. Moreover, FetA could notably modulate macrophage polarization, yet the mechanism(s) is unknown.