Influence of context on extinguished appetitive conditioning in male and female rats.

Extinction is fundamental to adaptive behavior in that it allows organisms to alter previously conditioned behaviors based on the prevailing environmental contingencies. Extinguished responses, however, will renew when the conditioned stimulus is presented outside the extinction context. There has been some suggestion that renewal after extinction of appetitive conditioning is a sex-specific process, with only male rats showing renewal (e.

A putatively novel papillomavirus associated with cutaneous plaques and squamous cell carcinoma in captive North American snow leopards ().

Cutaneous plaques and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are common in captive North American snow leopards (SLs) (). Our objective was to determine whether these lesions are potentially associated with papillomavirus(es). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on 3 cutaneous plaques using degenerate primers for papillomaviruses.

A subset of equine oral squamous cell carcinomas is associated with Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 infection.

The aetiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in horses is unknown, but papillomavirus infection as well as chronic periodontal disease are suspected to play a pathogenic role. In humans, some oropharyngeal cancers develop in association with human papillomaviruses. Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 (EcPV2) is suspected to play a causal role in the development of equine genital SCC.