Establishment of an image evaluation grading criteria for experimental stifle joint osteoarthritis in dogs: an X-ray and CT imaging study.

Background: This study aimed to establish an image evaluation grading criteria for experimental stifle joint osteoarthritis (OA) in anterior cruciate ligament transection induced OA beagle dog models. The severity of OA was assessed using X-ray and computed tomography (CT) imaging.

Results: A total of 32 dogs (8 controls and 24 OA-induced dogs) were included in the study.

Iridium(III)-Catalyzed Regioselective B(4)-H Allenylation of -Carboranes by Ball Milling.

We disclose an iridium(III)-catalyzed regioselective B(4)-H allenylation of -carboranes from -carborane acids and propargyl carbonates under ball-milling conditions. This study sheds light on a novel method to accomplish regioselective B(4)-allenylation of -carborane that cannot be realized through conventional solution-based reactions. Control experiments, including solution, neat, microwave, and high-temperature reactions, reveal that the B(4)-H allenylation of -carborane is unique for ball-milling conditions.

Mechanochemical Iridium(III)-Catalyzed B-Amidation of -Carboranes with Dioxazolones.

Mechanochemistry was successfully applied to the functionalization of carboranes. The mechanochemical iridium(III)-catalyzed regioselective B(3)- and B(4)-amidation of unsubstituted -carboranes with dioxazolones was developed. In addition, the mechanochemical iridium(III)-catalyzed regioselective B(4)-amidation of substituted -carboranes was demonstrated.

Direct and Regioselective Palladium(II)-Catalyzed B(4)-H Monoacyloxylation and B(4,5)-H Diacetoxylation of -Carborane Acids with Phenyliodonium Dicarboxylates.

A direct B(4)-H monoacyloxylation via a Pd-catalyzed regioselective B(4)-H activation of -carborane acids with phenyliodonium dicarboxylates was developed, and a series of B(4)-H monoacyloxylated -carboranes decorated with active groups were synthesized with moderate to good yields as well as excellent selectivity. In addition, a direct B(4,5)-H diacetoxylation from -carborane acids with phenyliodonium diacetate was demonstrated.

Iridium-Catalyzed Cage B(4)-Amidation Reaction of -Carboranes with Dioxazolones: Selective Synthesis of Amidated -Carboranes and Amidated and Methoxycarbonylated -Carboranes.

Described is the Ir-catalyzed cage B(4)-amidation of -carboranes with dioxazolones by carboxylic acid-assisted B(4)-H bond activation under extremely mild conditions, affording amidated -carboranes and amidated and methoxycarbonylated -carboranes through sequential B(4)-amidation, O-methylation, and B(3)-deboronation in one pot. Carboxylic acid used as a directing group after the cage B(4)-amidation is efficiently trapped by trimethylsilyldiazomethane instead of undergoing decarboxylation. Mechanism studies demonstrated that the O-methylation through trapping of acid occurred first, followed by the B(3)-deboronation.

Effectiveness of home hospice care: a nationwide prospective observational study.

Purpose: Many assert the need for home hospice care. However, limited research has shown its effectiveness. The authors of this study thus evaluated the effectiveness of a home hospice care pilot project regarding (1) early enrollment in hospice care, (2) efficient use of inpatient hospice resources, and (3) enabling terminally ill patients to stay at their preferred place of care.

Synthesis of Multisubstituted Allenes, Furans, and Pyrroles via Tandem Palladium-Catalyzed Substitution and Cycloisomerization.

A palladium-catalyzed propargyl substitution reaction of propargyl acetates with indium organothiolates is developed for the synthesis of multisubstituted allenyl sulfides. This procedure can be applied to the synthesis of multisubstituted furans and pyrroles via tandem palladium-catalyzed propargyl substitution and cycloisomerization reaction in one pot.

Synthesis of Benzofulvenes through Rhodium-Catalyzed Transannulation of Enynyl Triazoles.

Rhodium-catalyzed denitrogenative cyclization of (E)-ethyl 2-(1-alkyl and arylsulfonyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-3-aryl acrylate generated from (E)-ethyl 2-benzylidenebut-3-ynoates and N-sulfonyl azides in the presence of a copper catalyst was developed for the synthesis of a large number of functionalized benzofulvenes. Moreover, the synthesis of benzofulvenes was demonstrated as a one-pot method through tandem copper-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition and rhodium-catalyzed denitrogenative cyclization from (E)-ethyl 2-benzylidenebut-3-ynoates and N-sulfonyl azides.

Synthesis of 2-Alkoxyaryl-2-aryl Enamines via Tandem Copper-Catalyzed Cycloaddition and Rhodium-Catalyzed Alkoxyarylation from Alkynes, N-Sulfonyl Azides, and Aryl Ethers.

A synthetic route to a wide range of 2-alkoxyaryl-2-aryl enamines is developed from Rh-catalyzed alkoxyarylation of N-sulfonyl-4-aryl-1,2,3-triazoles with aryl ethers via the elimination of nitrogen molecule. In addition, 2-alkoxyaryl-2-aryl enamines are prepared via tandem Cu-catalyzed cycloaddition and Rh-catalyzed alkoxyarylation starting from alkynes, N-sulfonyl azides, and aryl ethers in one-pot.

Alkenylation of phosphacoumarins via aerobic oxidative Heck reactions and their synthetic application to fluorescent benzophosphacoumarins.

Alkenylation of phosphacoumarins is developed from the reaction of phosphacoumarins with a variety of activated as well as nonactivated alkenes via aerobic oxidative Heck reactions. In addition, 3-alkenylphosphacoumarins undergo an inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction (IEDDA) with enamines in situ generated from ketone and pyrrolidine followed by 1,2-elimination and a dehydrogenation, producing fluorescent benzophosphacoumarins.

Synthesis of ethoxy dibenzooxaphosphorin oxides through palladium-catalyzed C(sp(2))-H activation/C-O formation.

We report an efficient Pd-catalyzed C(sp(2))-H activation/C-O bond formation for the synthesis of ethoxy dibenzooxaphosphorin oxides from 2-(aryl)arylphosphonic acid monoethyl esters under aerobic conditions.

Phosphaannulation by palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of C-H bonds of phosphonic and phosphinic acids.

An efficient phosphaannulation by Pd-catalyzed carbonylation of C-H bonds of phosphonic and phosphinic acids for the synthesis of oxaphosphorinanone oxides is reported. These compounds are novel phosphorus heterocyclic scaffolds, thus opening a new avenue to sequential C-C/C-O bond formation in one pot.

Ruthenium-catalyzed C-H activation/cyclization for the synthesis of phosphaisocoumarins.

An efficient and cost-effective ruthenium-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of phosphonic acid monoesters or phosphinic acids with alkynes has been developed for the synthesis of a wide range of phosphaisocoumarins in good to excellent yields under aerobic conditions. A multitude of arylphosphonic acid monoesters and arylphosphinic acids having electron-donating and -withdrawing groups were oxidatively cyclized. Various diarylacetylenes, dialkylacetylenes, and alkylarylacetylenes effectively underwent the ruthenium-catalyzed oxidative cyclization.

Rhodium-catalyzed oxidative coupling through C-H activation and annulation directed by phosphonamide and phosphinamide groups.

Rhodium-catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions via C-H activation and annulation directed by phosphonamide and phosphinamide groups were developed under aerobic conditions, which produced benzazaphosphole 1-oxides and phosphaisoquinolin-1-oxides.