The Canadian Lung Outcomes in Users of Vaping Devices (CLOUD) Study: protocol for a prospective, observational cohort study.

Introduction: The rapid growth in popularity of e-cigarettes over the past decade has prompted concerns about their impact on long-term respiratory health. Small airway injury is suspected to be a direct consequence of e-cigarette use and may be quantifiable by novel structural and functional diagnostic modalities.

Methods And Analysis: In a multicentre observational longitudinal study, participants will be enrolled in either an adolescent (ages ≥12 and <19 years) or an adult arm (≥19 years old) and followed over 3 years across three time points (baseline, 18 months and 36 months).

Sex differences in exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia and pulmonary edema following high-intensity exercise in highly trained endurance athletes.

This study investigated sex differences in the development of pulmonary edema and exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) in well-trained endurance athletes during near-maximal exercise in a real-world setting. Twenty participants (10M vs. 10F; V̇Opeak: 69.

Multidimensional assessment of exertional dyspnea in young healthy males and females who select unsatisfied inspiration at peak exercise.

Historically, it was thought that healthy humans predominantly described their breathing as a sense of increased work or effort (W/E) during maximal exercise. However, emerging data show that many healthy adults select unpleasant dyspnea descriptors such as "unsatisfied inspiration" (UI), with relatively more females selecting UI than males. We hypothesized that males and females who select UI would report higher dyspnea intensity ratings during exercise, select more distressing dyspnea qualities post exercise, and have greater inspiratory constraints than those who do not.

Voluntary activation of the diaphragm after inspiratory pressure threshold loading.

After a bout of isolated inspiratory work, such as inspiratory pressure threshold loading (IPTL), the human diaphragm can exhibit a reversible loss in contractile function, as evidenced by a decrease in transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure (P ). Whether or not diaphragm fatigability after IPTL is affected by neural mechanisms, measured through voluntary activation of the diaphragm (D-VA) in addition to contractile mechanisms, is unknown. It is also unknown if changes in D-VA are similar between sexes given observed differences in diaphragm fatigability between males and females.

Effects of Face Masks on the Multiple Dimensions and Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Exertional Dyspnea.

Introduction: During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, public health officials widely adopted the use of face masks (FM) to minimize infections. Despite consistent evidence that FMs increase dyspnea, no studies have examined the multidimensional components of dyspnea or their underlying physiological mechanisms.

Methods: In a randomized crossover design, 16 healthy individuals ( n = 9 women, 25 ± 3 yr) completed incremental cycling tests over three visits, where visits 2 and 3 were randomized to either surgical FM or no mask control.

Sex Differences in Diaphragm Voluntary Activation after Exercise.

Introduction: The female diaphragm develops less fatigue after high-intensity exercise compared with males. Diaphragm fatigability is typically defined as a decrease in transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure (Pdi,TW) and represents the contractile function of the muscle. However, it is unclear whether this sex difference persists when examining changes in voluntary activation, which represents a neural mechanism contributing to fatigability.

Case Studies in Physiology: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and inspiratory muscle training in a 59-year-old, 4 years after an extrapleural pneumonectomy.

This case report characterizes the physiological responses to incremental cycling and determines the effects of 12 wk of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on respiratory muscle strength, exercise capacity, and dyspnea in a physically active 59-yr-old female, 4 years after a left-sided extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP). On separate days, a symptom-limited incremental exercise test and a constant work rate (CWR) test at 75% of peak work rate (WR) were completed, followed by 12 wk of IMT and another CWR test. IMT consisted of two sessions of 30 repetitions twice daily for 5 days per week.

Short-term effects of Lumacaftor/Ivacaftor (Orkambi™) on exertional symptoms, exercise performance, and ventilatory responses in adults with cystic fibrosis.

Rationale: Lumacaftor/ivacaftor (LUM/IVA) modestly improves lung function following 1 month of treatment but it is unknown if this translates into improvements in exercise endurance and exertional symptoms.

Methods: Adult CF participants completed a symptom-limited constant load cycling test with simultaneous assessments of dyspnea and leg discomfort ratings pre- and 1 month post-initiation of LUM/IVA.

Results: Endurance time, exertional dyspnea and leg discomfort ratings at submaximal exercise did not change significantly.

Qualitative dimensions of exertional dyspnea in fibrotic interstitial lung disease.

Unsatisfied inspiration is commonly reported during exercise by patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD). However, the physiological basis of perceived dyspnea quality in this population has not been evaluated. We examined the relationship between dyspnea quality and indices of ventilatory-mechanical limitations during exercise in patients with fibrotic ILD.

Ventilatory and sensory responses to incremental exercise in adults with a Fontan circulation.

Many adults with single-ventricle congenital heart disease who have undergone a Fontan procedure have abnormal pulmonary function resembling restrictive lung disease. Whether this contributes to ventilatory limitations and increased dyspnea has not been comprehensively studied. We recruited 17 Fontan participants and 17 healthy age- and sex-matched sedentary controls.

Neurophysiological mechanisms of exertional dyspnoea in fibrotic interstitial lung disease.

Our understanding of the mechanisms of dyspnoea in fibrotic interstitial lung disease (ILD) is incomplete. The aims of this study were two-fold: 1) to determine whether dyspnoea intensity is better predicted by neural respiratory drive (NRD) or neuromechanical uncoupling (NMU) of the respiratory system in fibrotic ILD, and 2) to examine the effect of breathing 60% oxygen on NRD, NMU and dyspnoea ratings.Fourteen patients with fibrotic ILD were included.

Physical Activity Measurement Accuracy in Individuals With Chronic Lung Disease: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Method Comparison Studies.

Objective: To investigate the accuracy of physical activity measurement strategies in adults with chronic lung disease.

Data Sources: MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL databases were searched from inception to September 30, 2014.

Study Selection: Studies reporting validity data for devices measuring energy expenditure in comparison with indirect calorimetry or doubly labeled water measurements in chronic lung disease were included.