The Clock and the Brain: Circadian Rhythm and Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. The circadian system, which is controlled by the master clock in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, is crucial for various physiological processes. Studies have shown that changes in the circadian rhythms can deteriorate neurodegenerative diseases.

Odense-Oxford PET Image Analysis (OPETIA): An FSL-based toolbox for multimodal neuroimaging.

Advanced analysis of MRI and PET images provides quantitative and accurate information about the brain structure and function, allowing differential diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized treatment. Most clinical software lack accurate quantification. Here we developed a user-friendly multimodal neuroimage analysis toolbox, named Odense-Oxford PET Image Analysis (OPETIA), based on Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain Software Library (FSL) and Python programming language.

Peripheral Nervous System Complications after COVID-19 Vaccination.

While vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains crucial, neurological complications have been detected following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination. The neurological complications of COVID-19 vaccination can be seen in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). In this study, we reviewed PNS complications after COVID-19 vaccination, their underlying mechanisms, diagnosis, and management.

Central nervous system manifestations following vaccination against COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination has become the most effective countermeasure in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. However, vaccination is associated with side effects. This narrative review focuses on central nervous system (CNS) manifestations following COVID-19 vaccination and provides a summary of the potential underlying mechanisms and methods of diagnosis and management of the vaccination-related CNS manifestations.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Ischemic Stroke.

Purpose Of Review: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for neurological and psychiatric disorders. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in VNS for treating ischemic stroke. This review discusses the evidence supporting VNS as a treatment option for ischemic stroke and elucidates its underlying mechanisms.

Neuroinflammation in Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke.

Purpose Of Review: This review aims to provide an overview of neuroinflammation in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, including recent findings on the mechanisms and cellular players involved in the inflammatory response to brain injury.

Recent Findings: Neuroinflammation is a crucial process following acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS). In AIS, neuroinflammation is initiated within minutes of the ischemia onset and continues for several days.

Saffron as a promising therapy for diabetes and Alzheimer's disease: mechanistic insights.

The prevalence of both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes mellitus is increasing with the societies' aging and has become an essential social concern worldwide. Accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of tau proteins in the brain are hallmarks of AD. Diabetes is an underlying risk factor for AD.

Stroke Associated with COVID-19 Vaccines.

Objectives: Development of safe and effective vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains the cornerstone of controlling this pandemic. However, there are increasing reports of various types of stroke including ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke, as well as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) after COVID-19 vaccination. This paper aims to review reports of stroke associated with COVID-19 vaccines and provide a coherent clinical picture of this condition.

Peripheral Nervous System Manifestations Associated with COVID-19.

Purpose Of Review: The present review discusses the peripheral nervous system (PNS) manifestations associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Recent Findings: Nerve pain and skeletal muscle injury, Guillain-Barré syndrome, cranial polyneuritis, neuromuscular junction disorders, neuro-ophthalmological disorders, neurosensory hearing loss, and dysautonomia have been reported as PNS manifestations in patients with COVID-19. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19.

Correction to: Central Nervous System Manifestations Associated with COVID-19.

The original version contained incorrect formatting of Dr. Napolis. His first name should be Mario and his last name should be Di Napoli.

Central Nervous System Manifestations Associated with COVID-19.

Purpose Of Review: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global health crisis of our time. The disease arises from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on host cells for its internalization. COVID-19 has a wide range of respiratory symptoms from mild to severe and affects several other organs, increasing the complexity of the treatment.

Blood Pressure Variability: A New Predicting Factor for Clinical Outcomes of Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Spontaneous primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a stroke subtype associated with the highest mortality rate. High blood pressure (BP) is the most common cause of non-lobar ICH. Recent clinical trials have been inconclusive regarding the efficacy of aggressive BP lowering to improve ICH outcome.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Stroke: Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiological Insights.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global health threat. Some COVID-19 patients have exhibited widespread neurological manifestations including stroke. Acute ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis have been reported in patients with COVID-19.

Soleus nerve transfer to deep peroneal nerve for treatment of foot drop.

Different mechanisms including knee dislocation, replacement surgery, nerve tumor, lumbar disc herniation, sharp injury, and gunshot wound lead to foot drop. Several surgical techniques have been used for treatment of foot drop, however, they have had sub-optimal outcomes. Soleus branch of tibial nerve is a good donor for nerve transfer for treatment of foot drop.

Reanimation of triceps muscle using ulnar nerve fascicle transfer to the nerve to long head of the triceps muscle.

Background: Triceps muscle serves an important role in extension of the elbow. Its action is required for reaching out objects without using the trunk. Elbow extension is an important function for natural stabilization of the elbow.

Lobectomy in traumatic brain injury patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and delayed contusion.

Background: TBI, standing for Traumatic Brain Injury, is a leading cause of death worldwide; nonetheless, data on its management has hitherto been sparse. In view of the fact that brain lobectomy is a contentious issue in the management of TBI, we set out the current study to assess the mortality rate and outcomes of TBI with delayed contusion or Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) undergoing lobectomy.

Methods: We evaluated 135 TBI patients with delayed contusion or ICH undergoing brain lobectomy from 2001 to 2013.

Association of MS4A6A, CD33, and TREM2 gene polymorphisms with the late-onset Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, causes structural and functional brain disruption. MS4A6A, TREM2, and CD33 gene polymorphisms loci have been found to be associated with the pathobiology of late-onset AD (LOAD). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis of association of LOAD with rs983392, rs75932628, and rs3865444 polymorphisms in MS4A6A, TREM2, CD33 genes, respectively.

Anti-inflammatory effects of alosetron mediated through 5-HT receptors on experimental colitis.

Development of new medicine with fewer deleterious effects and more efficacies for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease is needed. 5-Hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor (5-HTR) antagonists have exhibited analgesic and anti-inflammatory features and . The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of alosetron, a 5-HTR antagonist, on trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced ulcerative colitis in rats.

Spontaneous Cervical Epidural Hematoma with Stroke Manifestations.

Spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma (SCEH), which is a rare disease, is manifested as by a sudden quadriplegia or paraplegia and other neurological deficits. SCEH can compress the spinal cord resulting in its clinical manifestations. The reported etiological risk factors are anticoagulants, coagulopathies, vascular malformations, infections, and herniated discs.

Mitochondrial DNA G15927A and G15928A variations in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Background: Modern genetics has offered a fresh perspective on the pathology of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). As mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations are held to be potential contributors to the complex pathobiology of MS, the present study tests the claim that mtDNA G15927A or G15928A variations, or both, are associated with MS in an Iranian population.

Materials And Methods: Following DNA extraction from blood samples of 100 subjects with relapsing-remitting MS, and 100 healthy unrelated control subjects, PCR-RFLP analyses was carried out by HpaII restriction enzyme reaction.

Double nerve transfer for restoration of hand grasp and release in C7 tetraplegia following complete cervical spinal cord injury.

Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause tetraplegia. Nerve transfer has been routinely utilized for reconstruction of hand in brachial plexus injuries. Here, we report reconstruction of finger flexion (hand grasp) and extension (hand release) in a victim of cervical spinal cord injury with tetraplegia.

Successful recovery of sensation loss in upper brachial plexus injuries.

Objective: Injuries of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus may trigger motor and sensory deficits. There exists a growing body of literature with respect to the reconstruction of motor deficits in upper trunk brachial plexus injuries by using nerve transfers; albeit to date, very few old reports have focused on the reconstruction of sensory loss resulting from upper trunk injuries. In this case series, we review six cases (five males and one female) with upper trunk brachial plexus injuries undergoing sensory nerve transfers.

Anticoagulant Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation for Stroke Prevention: Assessment of Agreement Between Clinicians' Decision and CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED Scores.

Introduction: To prevent stroke, anticoagulants should be administered after calculation of CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores in patients with Atrial Fibrillation (AF); nonetheless, these scores are sometimes neglected in clinical settings.

Aim: The present study was designed to assess agreement of anticoagulant therapy according to clinicians and CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores in Iranian AF patients in Moddares Hospital.

Methods: AF patients were diagnosed according to clinical history, clinical examination, and electrocardiogram.

Nerve transfer to relieve pain in upper brachial plexus injuries: Does it work?

Objectives: Patients with C5 and C6 nerve root avulsion may complain from pain. For these patients, end-to-side nerve transfer of the superficial radial nerve into the median nerve is suggested to relieve pain.

Patients And Methods: Eleven patients (with a primary brachial plexus reconstruction) undergoing end-to-side nerve transfer of the superficial radial nerve into the ulnovolar part of the median nerve were assessed.

The First Experience of Triple Nerve Transfer in Proximal Radial Nerve Palsy.

Background: Injury to distal portion of posterior cord of brachial plexus leads to palsy of radial and axillary nerves. Symptoms are usually motor deficits of the deltoid muscle; triceps brachii muscle; and extensor muscles of the wrist, thumb, and fingers. Tendon transfers, nerve grafts, and nerve transfers are options for surgical treatment of proximal radial nerve palsy to restore some motor functions.