Fish Collagen-Based Bilayer Composite Scaffold Functionalized With Fibrin/Hydroxyapatite/Sodium Citrate for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering-In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

Osteochondral defects (OCDs) present significant clinical challenges, necessitating scaffolds that effectively regenerate both cartilage and subchondral bone. We developed a bilayer scaffold using fish collagen extracted from Catla catla skin to overcome the limitations of conventional biomaterials, such as mammalian collagen and synthetic polymers, which often suffer from immunogenic risks, poor bioactivity, or inadequate structural integration. The scaffold is comprised of collagen/fibrin (CC/FIB) for the articular cartilage layer and collagen/sodium citrate/hydroxyapatite (CC/NAC/HAP) for the subchondral bone layer, which is cross-linked with citric acid.

Animal Models: A Tool for Colon Cancer Research.

Preclinical animal research plays a crucial role in studying colorectal cancer (CRC). Mouse models allow for testing the efficacy of potential medications and understanding the mechanisms behind CRC development. Carcinogens like 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and Azoxymethane (AOM) are used to induce CRC in these models, enabling researchers to investigate various treatment approaches.