Reducing residual solvent levels in poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres: a roadmap for scalable industrial production.

Objective: Poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres have garnered significant attention as biocompatible and biodegradable carriers for sustained drug delivery. However, the production of PLGA microspheres typically involves organic solvents, such as ethyl acetate and benzyl alcohol. Residual solvents are undesirable given their potential toxicity and adverse effects on product stability.

Implementation Strategies Used to Reduce Unplanned Extubations in the Neonatal ICU.

Unplanned extubation (UE) is the premature or unintended removal of an artificial airway and can cause worse patient outcomes. Study objectives were to describe implementation strategies used to reduce UE in the Hospital for Sick Children neonatal ICU (NICU) and their influence on UE rates, and contributing factors and patient characteristics of infants who had an UE, and compare them between the biological sexes. We hypothesized that the boys would experience more UEs and worse outcomes compared to the girls.

Screening of Cyclodextrins in the Processing of Buserelin Dry Powders for Inhalation Prepared by Spray Freeze-Drying.

Purpose: In this study, we prepared inhalable buserelin microparticles using the spray freeze-drying (SFD) method for pulmonary drug delivery. Raffinose as a cryoprotectant carrier was combined with two levels of five different cyclodextrins (CDs) and then processed by SFD.

Methods: Dry powder diameters were evaluated by laser light scattering and morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Evaluating the viral clearance ability of continuous monoclonal antibody purification steps, in order to inactivate and/or remove four model viruses.

Background And Objectives: Viral clearance studies are an essential part of a manufacturer's plan to ensure the safety of an injectable biologic product. In this way, viral safety is a critical quality attribute for biologics such as monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). Evaluation of virus purification by downstream processes is a key component of risk mitigation.

Design, synthesis, and cytotoxic evaluation of quinazoline derivatives bearing triazole-acetamides.

A novel series of quinazoline-based agents bearing triazole-acetamides were designed and synthesized. All the obtained compounds were tested for cytotoxic activities against three human cancer cell lines named HCT-116, MCF-7, and HepG2, as well as a normal cell line WRL-68 after 48 and 72 h. The results implied that quinazoline-oxymethyltriazole compounds exhibited moderate to good anticancer potential.

Assessing the ergonomic status of commonly used chairs in Iran's universities based on combinational equations and anthropometric indices.

Background: Inappropriate design of chairs and disproportion with students' body dimensions can influence their physical and mental health as well as their educational efficiency and concentration.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the ergonomic status of commonly used chairs in Iran's universities using combinational equations and anthropometric indices.

Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional study were 166 students in Iran.

Design, Synthesis, in Vitro, and in Silico Evaluation of N-Phenylacetamide-Oxindole-Thiosemicarbazide Hybrids as New Potential Tyrosinase Inhibitors.

A novel series of N-phenylacetamide-oxindole-thiosemicarbazide hybrids were synthesized and evaluated for their tyrosinase inhibitory activity. According to tyrosinase inhibition results, all the synthesized compounds showed high tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC values ranging from 0.8 to 3.

Differentiation of multipotent stem cells to insulin-producing cells for treatment of diabetes mellitus: bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived cells comparison.

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from human adipose tissue and bone marrow have a great potential for use in cell therapy due to their ease of isolation, expansion, and differentiation. Our intention was to isolate and promote in vitro expansion and differentiation of MSCs from human adipose and bone marrow tissue into cells with a pancreatic endocrine phenotype and to compare the potency of these cells together.

Methods And Results: MSCs were pre-induced with nicotinamide, mercaptoethanol, B-27 and b-FGF in L-DMEM for 2 days and re-induced again in supplemented H-DMEM for another 3 days.

Design, synthesis, and α-glucosidase-inhibitory activity of phenoxy-biscoumarin-N-phenylacetamide hybrids.

Thirteen new phenoxy-biscoumarin-N-phenylacetamide derivatives (7a-m) were designed based on a molecular hybridization approach as new α-glucosidase inhibitors. These compounds were synthesized with high yields and evaluated in vitro for their inhibitory activity against yeast α-glucosidase. The obtained results revealed that a significant proportion of the synthesized compounds showed considerable α-glucosidase-inhibitory activity in comparison to acarbose as a positive control.

Recent Opportunities and Challenges in Selective C-H Functionalization of Methyl Azaarenes: A Highlight from 2010 to 2020 Studies.

Azaarenes are unique scaffolds that are frequently found in pharmaceuticals. Herein we have summarized the recent synthetic available methods in C-H functionalization of methylazaarenes from 2010 to 2020. Multiple approaches involving halogenation, alkylation via different methods, alkenylation, oxidative functionalization, and cyclization of the methylazaarenes will be discussed in this review.

An Integrated Strategy Reveals Complex Glycosylation of Erythropoietin Using Mass Spectrometry.

The characterization of therapeutic glycoproteins is challenging due to the structural heterogeneity of the therapeutic protein glycosylation. This study presents an in-depth analytical strategy for glycosylation of first-generation erythropoietin (epoetin beta), including a developed mass spectrometric workflow for N-glycan analysis, bottom-up mass spectrometric methods for site-specific N-glycosylation, and a LC-MS approach for O-glycan identification. Permethylated N-glycans, peptides, and enriched glycopeptides of erythropoietin were analyzed by nanoLC-MS/MS, and de-N-glycosylated erythropoietin was measured by LC-MS, enabling the qualitative and quantitative analysis of glycosylation and different glycan modifications (e.

Recent strategies in the synthesis of thiophene derivatives: highlights from the 2012-2020 literature.

Thiophene-based analogs have been fascinated by a growing number of scientists as a potential class of biologically active compounds. Furthermore, they play a vital role for medicinal chemists to improve advanced compounds with a variety of biological effects. The current review envisioned to highlight some recent and particularly remarkable examples of the synthesis of thiophene derivatives by heterocyclization of various substrates from 2012 on.

Vinylazides: versatile synthons and magical precursors for the construction of N-heterocycles.

Nowadays, application of vinylazides as precursors is a key method for the construction of N-heterocycles in organic synthesis. These versatile three-atom synthons can be converted into intermediates such as 2H-azirines, iminyl radicals, iminyl metal complexes, iminyl inions and nitrilium ions that subsequently afford a wide range of polyfunctional cyclic nitrogen-containing compounds. In this review, the reactions of vinylazides leading to these products (in the last decade) are categorized based on the types of the resulting N-heterocyclic rings and a brief and concise description of the reaction mechanisms is presented.

Synthesis and pharmacological properties of polysubstituted 2-amino-4H-pyran-3-carbonitrile derivatives.

2-Amino-3-cyano-4H-chromenes are structural core motifs that received increasing attention in the last years due to their interesting potential pharmacological properties. In this review, the synthetic methods for these compounds are classified based on the type of catalyst in the pertinent reactions. In addition, the wide range of pharmacological properties of these compounds is covered in a separate section.

The use of magnetic starch as a support for an ionic liquid-β-cyclodextrin based catalyst for the synthesis of imidazothiadiazolamine derivatives.

In this paper, a novel catalyst is introduced based on the introduction of an ionic liquid onto the β-cyclodextrin. The ionic liquid-β-cyclodextrin was anchored to magnetic starch (denoted βCD-IL@M-Starch) and fully characterized by several methods including TEM, TGA, VSM and FT-IR. The catalyst was used for the synthesis of imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-amine and imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-amine derivatives.