Bidirectional association between cognitive impairment and bone mineral density reduction in aging populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of osteoporosis, osteopenia, and bone mineral content.

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD), increasing fracture risk. Cognitive disorders (CD), including Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), cause cognitive decline and are prevalent among older adults. This systematic review and meta-analysis explores the bidirectional association between cognitive impairment and bone health, specifically low BMD, osteopenia, and osteoporosis.