Bidirectional association between cognitive impairment and bone mineral density reduction in aging populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of osteoporosis, osteopenia, and bone mineral content.

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD), increasing fracture risk. Cognitive disorders (CD), including Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), cause cognitive decline and are prevalent among older adults. This systematic review and meta-analysis explores the bidirectional association between cognitive impairment and bone health, specifically low BMD, osteopenia, and osteoporosis.

The cognitive and neurological implications of toxoplasma gondii infection: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Toxoplasma gondii, a neurotropic parasite, has been implicated in cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD) and, to a lesser extent, Parkinson's disease (PD). While frequently asymptomatic, latent infections can disrupt neurotransmitter systems, provoke chronic neuroinflammation, and impair neuronal metabolism-mechanisms that may accelerate cognitive deterioration. This systematic review and meta-analysis included 34 observational studies with over 24,000 participants, evaluating the association between T.