Chemical composition of anti-microbially active fractions derived from extract of filamentous fungus Keratinophyton Lemmensii including three novel bioactive compounds.

Screening for new bioactive microbial metabolites, we found a novel okaramine derivative, for which we propose the trivial name lemmokaramine, as well as two already known okaramine congeners - okaramine H and okaramine J - responsible for antimicrobial activity of the recently described microscopic filamentous fungus, Keratinophyton lemmensii BiMM-F76 (= CCF 6359). In addition, two novel substances, a new cyclohexyl denominated lemmensihexol and a new tetrahydroxypyrane denominated lemmensipyrane, were purified and characterized. The compounds were isolated from the culture extract of the fungus grown on modified yeast extract sucrose medium by means of flash chromatography followed by preparative HPLC.

Two novel members of Onygenales, Keratinophyton kautmanovae and K. keniense spp. nov. from soil.

Two new Keratinophyton species, K. kautmanovae sp. nov.

200 years of taxonomic confusion: Sporendonema and allies.

The genus Sporendonema (Gymnoascaceae, Onygenales) was introduced in 1827 with the type species S. casei for a red mould on cheese. Cheese is a consistent niche for this species.

Produces Two HT-2-α-Glucosides on Rice.

is a genus that mostly consists of plant pathogenic fungi which are able to produce a broad range of toxic secondary metabolites. In this study, we focus on a type A trichothecene-producing isolate (15-39) of from Lower Austria. We assessed the secondary metabolite profile and optimized the toxin production conditions on autoclaved rice and found that in addition to large amounts of T-2 and HT-2 toxins, this strain was able to produce HT-2-glucoside.

Limosilactobacillus fermentum Limits Candida glabrata Growth by Ergosterol Depletion.

Candida glabrata is a human-associated opportunistic fungal pathogen. It shares its niche with spp. in the gastrointestinal and vaginal tract.

Polaramycin B, and not physical interaction, is the signal that rewires fungal metabolism in the Streptomyces-Aspergillus interaction.

Co-culturing the bacterium Streptomyces rapamycinicus and the ascomycete Aspergillus nidulans has previously been shown to trigger the production of orsellinic acid (ORS) and its derivates in the fungal cells. Based on these studies it was assumed that direct physical contact is a prerequisite for the metabolic reaction that involves a fungal amino acid starvation response and activating chromatin modifications at the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC). Here we show that not physical contact, but a guanidine containing macrolide, named polaramycin B, triggers the response.

Fungal species and mycotoxins in mouldy spots of grass and maize silages in Austria.

Fungi and mycotoxins in silage can have detrimental consequences for both cattle and human health. This pilot study identified, via the routinary direct plating method, the dominant cultivable fungi in mouldy grass silages (GS) (n = 19) and maize silages (MS) (n = 28) from Austria. The profiles of regulated, modified, and emerging mycotoxins together with other fungal metabolites were analysed via LC-(ESI)MS/MS.

Luteapyrone, a Novel ƴ-Pyrone Isolated from the Filamentous Fungus .

In the process of screening for new bioactive microbial metabolites we found a novel ƴ-pyrone derivative for which we propose the trivial name luteapyrone, in a recently described microscopic filamentous fungus, BiMM-F96/DF4. The compound was isolated from the culture extract of the fungus grown on modified yeast extract sucrose medium by means of flash chromatography followed by preparative HPLC. The chemical structure was elucidated by NMR and LC-MS.

Polyphasic Approach Utilized for the Identification of Two New Toxigenic Members of Section , and spp. nov.

Two new species, (isolated from the air as a lab contaminant in Tulln (Austria, EU)) and (isolated as an endophyte from asymptomatic milk thistle () stems from Josephine County (Oregon, USA)) are described. The new taxa are well supported by phenotypic (especially conidial ornamentation under SEM, production of red exudate and red pigments), physiological (growth at 37 °C, response to cycloheximide and CREA), chemotaxonomic (production of specific extrolites), and multilocus phylogenetic analysis using RNA-polymerase II second largest subunit (), partial tubulin (), and calmodulin (). Both new taxa are resolved within the section in series and show phylogenetic affiliation to .

Molecular systematics of Keratinophyton: the inclusion of species formerly referred to Chrysosporium and description of four new species.

Four new Keratinophyton species (Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Onygenales), K. gollerae, K. lemmensii, K.

sp. nov., a New Opportunistic Pathogenic Fungus from Europe.

A new species, (Mucoromycotina, Mucorales), isolated from a water sample originating from a private well in Manastirica, Petrovac, in the Republic of Serbia (Europe), is described and illustrated. The new taxon is well supported by multilocus phylogenetic analysis that included the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, domains D1 and D2 of the 28S rRNA gene (LSU), and translation elongation factor-1 gene (tef-1), and it is resolved in a clade with and . This fungus is characterized by its moderately slow growth at 15 and 37°C, sparse rhizoids, conical-shaped sporangia, and short-cylindrical sporangiospores.

Penicillium strains isolated from Slovak grape berries taxonomy assessment by secondary metabolite profile.

The secondary metabolite profiles of microfungi of the genus Penicillium isolated from samples of grape berries collected in two different phases during two vegetative seasons in Slovakia is described to assess the taxonomy. Three Slovak vine regions have been selected for this study, based on their climatic differences and national economic importance. Cultures of microfungi isolated from berries were incubated on different selective media for macro and micromorphology identification.

Conservation of the genes for HC-toxin biosynthesis in Alternaria jesenskae.

Background: HC-toxin, a cyclic tetrapeptide, is a virulence determinant for the plant pathogenic fungus Cochliobolus carbonum. It was recently discovered that another fungus, Alternaria jesenskae, also produces HC-toxin.

Results: The major genes (collectively known as AjTOX2) involved in the biosynthesis of HC-toxin were identified from A.

Keratinophilic fungi isolated from soils of long-term fold-grazed, degraded pastures in national parks of Slovakia.

A total of 939 isolates of 11 genera representing 15 species of keratinophilic fungi were isolated and identified from the soils of three long-term fold-grazed pastures in national parks of Slovakia (Pod Ploskou, Strungový príslop, and Pod Kečkou) and one non-fold-grazed pasture in sierra Stolicke vrchy (Diel) using the hair-baiting technique. Keratinophilic fungi were present in all soil samples with a prevalence of Trichophyton ajelloi and Paecilomyces lilacinus. These fungi were more abundant in soil from fold-grazed pasture (Strungový príslop) compared to non-fold-grazed pasture (Diel).

The effect of deoxynivalenol on the secretion activity, proliferation and apoptosis of porcine ovarian granulosa cells in vitro.

The aim of this in vitro study was to examine the secretion activity, markers of proliferation and apoptosis in porcine ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) after deoxynivalenol (DON) addition. Ovarian granulosa cells were incubated with DON for 24h: 10, 100 and 1000 ng/mL, while the control group received no DON. The secretion of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and progesterone was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and expression of cyclin B1, PCNA and caspase-3 by immunocytochemistry.

Production of fumonisins B2 and B4 in Tolypocladium species.

Tolypocladium inflatum is known primarily for its production of the cyclosporines that are used as an immunosuppressive drug. However, we report here the production of the carcinogenic fumonisins B(2) and B(4) by this biotechnologically relevant fungal genus. These mycotoxins were detected in 11 strains tested from three species: Tolypocladium inflatum, T.

Fungi on wheat bran and their toxinogenity.

To survey the overall fungal contamination and toxicological potential of isolated fungi, a mycological investigation of 56 samples of wheat bran was carried out during March-June 2004 in Slovakia. Despite of low values of water activity found in the samples reaching an average of 0.54, the individual samples were contaminated with fungi in a range from 1.

Simultaneous determination of 186 fungal and bacterial metabolites in indoor matrices by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

This paper describes the application of a previously published multi-mycotoxin method for food and feed matrices based on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS) to the analysis of microbial metabolites in indoor matrices. The range of investigated analytes has been extended by 99 fungal and bacterial metabolites to cover now 186 compounds overall. The method is based on a single extraction step using an acidified acetonitrile/water mixture (which has been determined to be preferable to methanol and ethyl acetate) followed by analysis of the diluted crude extract.

Fungi recovered from Slovakian poultry feed mixtures and their toxinogenity.

To contribute towards the knowledge of microbiology of feeds, more than 100 samples of poultry feed mixtures from Slovakia were mycologically investigated in terms of the overall fungal diversity and toxicological potential of isolated fungi. The study revealed that out of 22 genera recovered, Penicillium was the most frequent and diverse genus, followed by Aspergillus and Mucor being found in 89 % (34 spp.), 69 % (11 spp.

Alternaria jesenskae sp. nov., a new species from Slovakia on Fumana procumbens (Cistaceae).

Alternaria jesenskae sp. nov. recovered from seeds of a shrubby perennial plant Fumana procumbens (Cistaceae) in Slovakia is described and illustrated.

Incidence of trichothecenes and zearalenone in poultry feed mixtures from Slovakia.

A total of 50 samples of poultry feed mixtures of Slovakian origin were analyzed for eight toxicologically significant Fusarium mycotoxins, namely zearalenone (ZON), A-trichothecenes: diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 toxin (T-2) and HT-2 toxin (HT-2) and B-trichothecenes: deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) and nivalenol (NIV). The A-trichothecenes and the B-trichothecenes were detected by means of high pressure liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography electron capture detection (GC-ECD), respectively. Reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (RP-HPLC-FLD) was used for ZON detection.

Incidence of fumonisins, moniliformin and Fusarium species in poultry feed mixtures from Slovakia.

A total of 50 samples of poultry feed mixtures of Slovak origin were analysed for fumonisin B(1) and B(2) (FB(1), FB(2)) and moniliformin (MON) using SAX-clean up procedure being detected by high pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), respectively. The samples were also simultaneously investigated for Fusarium species occurrence, and for the capability of Fusarium isolates recovered to produce FB(1) and MON in vitro. FB1 was detected in 49 samples (98 %) in concentrations ranging from 43 to 798 microg x kg(-1), and FB(2) in 42 samples (84 %) in concentrations ranging from 26 to 362 microg x kg(-1).

Mycological survey of ripped service tree fruits (Sorbus domestica L.) with an emphasis on toxinogenic fungi.

To investigate a possible incidence of microscopic fungi in ripped service tree (Sorbus domestica L.) fruits, a mycological survey was carried out during October-November 2003 in Slovakia. This rare kind of fruit is renowned for its significant curative actions in various human and animal diseases.

Identification and enumeration of Fusarium species in poultry feed mixtures from Slovakia.

Thirty-three samples of poultry mixed feeds collected in the region of Nitra (Slovakia) from August 2001-April 2002 were assayed for the incidence of Fusarium Link: Fr. species. In tested samples, the total frequency of isolated fusaria was determined to be 48 % (16 samples) and their counts ranged from 0.