Associations of Biomarkers of Kidney Tubule Health with Retinal Microvascular Signs: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Background: CKD is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet the etiology responsible for this link remains elusive. Novel blood and urine biomarkers reflecting kidney tubule dysfunction and injury may provide novel insights to mechanisms linking the kidney to CVD.

Methods: In 470 participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) without type 2 diabetes, CVD or CKD, we measured six plasma (kidney injury molecule-1 [KIM-1], monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor [suPAR], tumor necrosis factor receptor [TNFR] 1 and 2, and anti-chitinase-3-like protein 1 [YKL-40]) and six urinary (alpha 1 microglobulin [A-1M], epidermal growth factor [EGF], KIM-1, MCP-1, YKL-40 and uromodulin [UMOD]) kidney tubule health biomarkers.

Diagnostic Accuracy of 3D Deep Learning Classifiers for Glaucoma Detection: A Comparison of Cross-Domain and Device-Specific Models.

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of a three-dimensional (3D) deep learning (3D DL) and 3D cross domain deep learning (3D CD-DL) classifiers compared to standard macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness measurements for classifying eyes with glaucoma using optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Methods: A total of 502 primary open-angle glaucoma eyes from 295 patients and 119 healthy eyes from 63 individuals were included. Two classifiers were compared: (1) a 3D DL model trained on Spectralis macular OCT and applied to Spectralis macular OCT images and (2) 3D CD-DL model trained on synthetic Spectralis images generated from 3D Cirrus macular OCT using Cycle-consistent adversarial networks (CycleGAN) and applied to real Spectralis macula OCT images.

Intraocular Pressure Matters.

To date, evidence from multiple randomized controlled trials has shown that effective intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering therapy significantly reduces the risk of glaucomatous progression across all stages of the disease. Changes in IOP have a substantial impact on the load-bearing connective tissues of the optic nerve head (ONH), as well as the overlying neurovascular tissues of the ONH and retina. An initial treatment goal of reducing IOP by 25% to 35%-and possibly more in advanced cases-can help prevent progression.

Glaucoma detection in myopic eyes using deep learning autoencoder-based regions of interest.

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a deep learning autoencoder-based model utilizing regions of interest (ROI) from optical coherence tomography (OCT) texture enface images for detecting glaucoma in myopic eyes.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included a total of 453 eyes from 315 participants from the multi-center "Swept-Source OCT (SS-OCT) Myopia and Glaucoma Study", composed of 268 eyes from 168 healthy individuals and 185 eyes from 147 glaucomatous individuals. All participants underwent swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) imaging, from which texture enface images were constructed and analyzed.

Longitudinal Measurement of Optic Disc Vessel Density to Detect Glaucoma Progression in High Myopia.

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between optic disc vessel density (ODVD) reduction and visual field (VF) progression in highly myopic glaucomatous eyes.

Design: Retrospective observational case series.

Participants: One hundred and eighteen primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) eyes with high myopia (axial length [AXL] ≥ 26.

Effect of Deep Optic Nerve Head Morphology on Lamina Cribrosa and Peripapillary Scleral Configurations in Healthy Eyes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among deep optic nerve head (ONH), lamina cribrosa (LC), and peripapillary sclera (pSc) configurations in healthy eyes.

Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included 205 healthy eyes of 141 subjects. Multivariable linear mixed models identified factors associated with LC curvature index, prelaminar thickness (PLT), pSc angle, and LC depth (LCD).

Relationships Among Glaucoma, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Mortality.

Introduction: In order to better understand comorbidity rates and the associated risk of death in patients with glaucoma we retrospective analyzed two groups of subjects aged 50 years and above residing in Lombardy Region (Northern Italy) following them from January 1, 2017 to February 1, 2020 (just before the COVID-19 pandemic started in Italy). The two groups were all subjects with incident glaucoma in 2017 and a 3:1 random sample stratified by age and sex of subjects without glaucoma. Main outcome was overall survival.

Structural and causal links between retinal vascular geometry and neural layer thickness.

Purpose: To investigate structural relationships between retinal vasculometry from color fundus photography (CFP) and neural layers obtained from Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) scans.

Methods: This cross-sectional study used the Retina-based Microvascular Health Assessment System (RMHAS) to extract retinal vascular measurements in the 6*6 mm area centered on the macular region and analyzed their associations with OCT parameters. We investigated both pairwise correlations between individual retinal layers and vascular parameters and associations between sets of variables.

Association Between Optic Nerve Head Prelaminar Schisis and Visual Field Progression in Glaucoma.

Purpose: To investigate the association between baseline optic nerve head prelaminar schisis and the rates of visual field mean deviation (VF MD) slopes in glaucoma.

Design: Retrospective clinical cohort study.

Methods: This study included 563 eyes (446 with primary open-angle glaucoma and 117 glaucoma suspect eyes) from 332 patients.

Relationship of 24-2C Central Visual Field Damage to Juxtapapillary Choriocapillaris Dropout in Glaucoma Eyes With or Without Axial Myopia.

Prcis: Larger choriocapillaris microvasculature dropout area and wider angular circumference are significantly associated with 24-2C central visual field damage in primary open angle glaucoma eyes with and without axial myopia.

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between a juxtapapillary choriocapillaris microvasculature dropout (MvD) and central visual field (VF) damage in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients with or without axial myopia.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 125 patients with POAG or glaucoma suspects stratified into no axial myopia (axial length (AL) ≤24 mm; 46 eyes), mild axial myopia (24 mm < AL ≤26 mm; 81 eyes), and high axial myopia (AL >26 mm; 59 eyes).

Artificial Intelligence Deep Learning Models to Predict Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome.

Purpose: To create deep learning artificial intelligence (AI) models for predicting the development of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the optic nerve head.

Design: Retrospective analysis.

Methods: AI deep learning models were trained to predict SANS onset by using two OCT datasets: pre- and inflight OCT images acquired from astronauts (flight data) and pre- and in-bedrest images from research participants undergoing head-down tilt bedrest as an Earth-bound model of SANS (ground data).

Drug Utilization, Adherence and Predictors of Drug-Changes and Discontinuation of Glaucoma Drug Therapies.

Introduction: The present study aimed to analyze drug utilization, adherence, and predictors of therapy changes and discontinuation among incident patients with glaucoma in the Lombardy Region of Italy.

Methods: A cohort of 10,515 incident patients with glaucoma aged 50 years or older was identified from the Lombardy Region database. Patients were included if they received at least three consecutive prescriptions of antiglaucoma medications in 2010, with follow-up until December 31, 2018.

Short-Term Rates of Visual Field Change Predict Glaucoma Progression.

Purpose: To explore the prognostic significance of short-term rates of visual field (VF) mean deviation (MD) change in predicting progression across various levels of glaucoma severity.

Design: Observational cohort.

Participants: A total of 349 eyes from 254 patients followed up to 5 years.

Intraocular Pressure Monitoring Using an Implantable Sensor Detects Structural Glaucoma Progression in the EYEMATE-IO Trial.

Purpose: To evaluate the association between intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements and concurrent rates of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) eyes previously implanted with a sulcus-based IOP sensor.

Design: Prospective.

Methods: In this case series, part of the prospective, open-label, multicenter interventional EYEMATE-IO trial, patients implanted with the EYEMATE-IO sensor system (Implandata) were enrolled in the 3-year ARGOS-03 follow-up study.

Restoring AIBP expression in the retina provides neuroprotection in glaucoma.

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease manifested by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and irreversible blindness. We have identified apolipoprotein A-I binding protein (AIBP) that controls excessive cholesterol accumulation and neuroinflammation in the retina by upregulating the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 and reducing TLR4 signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we demonstrated that AIBP and ABCA1 expression were decreased, whereas Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and the cholesterol content increased in the retina of patients with glaucoma and mouse models of glaucoma.

Application of Artificial Intelligence to Deliver Healthcare From the Eye.

Importance: Oculomics is the science of analyzing ocular data to identify, diagnose, and manage systemic disease. This article focuses on prescreening, its use with retinal images analyzed by artificial intelligence (AI), to identify ocular or systemic disease or potential disease in asymptomatic individuals. The implementation of prescreening in a coordinated care system, defined as Healthcare From the Eye prescreening, has the potential to improve access, affordability, equity, quality, and safety of health care on a global level.

Differential Impact of Central and Global Visual Field Progression on Quality of Life in Glaucoma.

Purpose: To determine the impact of progression of central visual field (VF) and global VF on vision-related quality of life (VRQOL).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: This study included 364 eyes of 235 primary open-angle glaucoma participants who had at least five 24-2 VF tests over a minimum of 2-year follow-up.

Impact of Physical Activity Levels on Visual Field Progression in Individuals With Glaucoma.

Prcis: Higher self-reported physical activity level was associated with a slower rate of visual field mean deviation loss in patients with primary open angle glaucoma.

Purpose: To determine the impact of physical activity (PA) on visual field (VF) progression rates in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG).

Methods: In this longitudinal study, POAG patients were included who had ≥5 visits, ≥2 years of follow-up VFs and underwent PA questionnaire at the baseline.

Two-Year Outcomes of Phacogoniotomy vs Phacotrabeculectomy for Advanced Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma With Cataract: A Noninferiority Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction with phacogoniotomy (phacoemulsification plus goniosynechialysis plus goniotomy) was not less than that of phacotrabeculectomy for advanced primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) with cataract at 1-year follow-up, but longer-term outcomes are needed.

Objective: To investigate if phacogoniotomy is noninferior to phacotrabeculectomy for advanced PACG with cataract at 2 years.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This multicenter, noninferiority, randomized clinical trial took place in 7 ophthalmology centers in China.

Peripheral Iridectomy With Goniosynechialysis and Goniotomy vs Trabeculectomy for Advanced PACG: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: The safety and effectiveness of combining surgical peripheral iridectomy (SPI) with goniosynechialysis (GSL) and goniotomy (GT) vs trabeculectomy for intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction remains unknown.

Objective: To investigate the safety and effectiveness at 1 year of SPI + GSL + GT vs trabeculectomy in advanced primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) without cataract.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This noninferiority randomized clinical trial was conducted at 8 tertiary eye centers in China.

Bio-interventional Uveoscleral Outflow Enhancement Surgery for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: 2-Year Results of Cyclodialysis with Scleral Allograft Reinforcement.

Objective: To evaluate safety and efficacy of the scleral allograft-reinforced cyclodialysis through 24 months of follow-up.

Design: Interventional single-center case series.

Participants: Thirty-one eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma and visually significant cataracts underwent bio-interventional cyclodialysis surgery with scleral allograft reinforcement combined with phacoemulsification.

Publication Rates and Patterns of Registered Glaucoma Trials.

Purpose: To examine the publication rates and patterns of registered glaucoma trials.

Design: Cross-sectional analysis.

Participants: All registered glaucoma trials from ClinicalTrials.

Analysis of Spaceflight-Associated Biometric and Refractive Changes in Astronauts.

Purpose: To study changes in ocular biometry and refraction in the largest cohort to date of astronauts who have experienced long-duration spaceflight on the International Space Station (ISS).

Design: A prospective cohort study.

Participants: 29 astronauts.