Unraveling the Genetic Architecture of Obesity: A Path to Personalized Medicine.

Obesity is a global health challenge characterized by significant heterogeneity in causes and treatment responses, complicating sustainable management. This narrative review explores the genomic architecture of obesity and its implications for personalized interventions, focusing on how genetic variations influence key biological pathways and treatment outcomes. A comprehensive literature search, guided by the authors' expertise, was conducted to identify key publications on the genomics of obesity and personalized approaches.

Harnessing Probiotics: Exploring the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Combating Obesity.

Obesity has become a global health crisis driven by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, often linked to gut microbiome imbalances. Probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains, have shown promise in clinical trials by promoting weight loss, improving lipid profiles, and addressing gut dysbiosis associated with obesity. This review surveys the literature on the microbiome and obesity, emphasizing the clinical relevance of probiotics in treatment strategies.

Harnessing Artificial Intelligence in Obesity Research and Management: A Comprehensive Review.

This review aims to explore the clinical and research applications of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), in understanding, predicting, and managing obesity. It assesses the use of AI tools to identify obesity-related risk factors, predict outcomes, personalize treatments, and improve healthcare interventions for obesity. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, with keywords including "artificial intelligence", "machine learning", "deep learning", "obesity", "obesity management", and related terms.

Quinacrine enhances the efficacy of cisplatin by increasing apoptosis and modulating cancer survival proteins in a colorectal cancer cell line.

Background: Cisplatin and platinum-based compounds have been used successfully to treat various cancers. However, their use is often restricted due to the acquired resistance by cancer cells. Over-expression of p53 and inhibition of NF-kB sensitize several cancer cells towards cisplatin-induced apoptosis.

Induction of G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by thymol through ROS generation and caspase-9/-3 activation in breast and colorectal cancer cell lines.

Background: Cancer is a major malignancy and one of the leading causes of death; it calls for a proactive strategy for the cure. Herbs are reservoirs of novel chemical entities and their phytochemical exploration has contributed considerably to the discovery of new anticancer drugs. Thymol, a natural phenolic monoterpenoid, has been implicated with many medicinal properties, including anticancer ones.

Induction of Redox-Mediated Cell Death in ER-Positive and ER-Negative Breast Cancer Cells by a Copper(II)-Phenolate Complex: An In Vitro and In Silico Study.

This research was aimed at finding the cytotoxic potential of the mixed ligand copper(II) complex [Cu(tdp)(phen)](ClO)-where H(tdp) is the tetradentate ligand 2-[(2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-ethylimino)methyl]phenol, and phen is 1,10-phenanthroline-to two genotypically different breast cancer cells, MCF-7 (p53 and ER) and MDA-MB-231 (p53 and ER). The complex has been already shown to be cytotoxic to ME180 cervical carcinoma cells. The special focus in this study was the induction of cell death by apoptosis and necrosis, and its link with ROS.

Scorpion Venom Causes Apoptosis by Increasing Reactive Oxygen Species and Cell Cycle Arrest in MDA-MB-231 and HCT-8 Cancer Cell Lines.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of scorpion venoms on cancer cell progression, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. Scorpion venoms are known to possess numerous bioactive compounds that act against cancer progression by inducing apoptosis. In this study, we have taken the venoms from the following 2 species of scorpion- Androctonus crassicauda and Leiurus quinquestriatus-and tested the anticancer properties of the venom against breast and colorectal cancer cell lines.

DNA and protein binding, double-strand DNA cleavage and cytotoxicity of mixed ligand copper(II) complexes of the antibacterial drug nalidixic acid.

The water soluble mixed ligand complexes [Cu(nal)(diimine)(HO)](ClO) 1-4, where H(nal) is nalidixic acid and diimine is 2,2'-bipyridine (1), 1,10-phenanthroline (2), 5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (3), and 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (4), have been isolated. The coordination geometry around Cu(II) in 1 and that in the Density Functional Theory optimized structures of 1-4 has been assessed as square pyramidal. The trend in DNA binding constants (K) determined using absorption spectral titration (K: 1, 0.

Scorpion Venom Causes Upregulation of p53 and Downregulation of Bcl-x and BID Protein Expression by Modulating Signaling Proteins Erk and STAT3, and DNA Damage in Breast and Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines.

Scorpion venoms efficiently block the normal neurotransmitter signaling pathway by prejudicing the ion channel operating mechanism in the body system. Besides its negative effect, venoms also possess some beneficial qualities for humans. They have also been shown to exhibit anticancer properties in various cancer types.

Snake venom causes apoptosis by increasing the reactive oxygen species in colorectal and breast cancer cell lines.

Snake venom possesses various kinds of proteins and neurotoxic polypeptides, which can negatively interfere with the neurotransmitter signaling cascade. This phenomenon occurs mainly due to the blocking of ion channels in the body system. Envenomation prevents or severely interrupts nerve impulses from being transmitted, inhibition of adenosine triphosphate synthesis, and proper functioning of the cardiac muscles.

Scorpion () venom exhibits cytotoxicity and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in breast and colorectal cancer cell lines.

Objectives: The defective apoptosis is believed to play a major role in the survival and proliferation of neoplastic cells. Hence, the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells is one of the targets for cancer treatment. Researchers are considering scorpion venom as a potent natural source for cancer treatment because it contains many bioactive compounds.

In vitro antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing properties of a mononuclear copper(II) complex with dppz ligand, in two genotypically different breast cancer cell lines.

In the background that there is concerted effort to discover newer metal-based cancer chemotherapeutic agents that could overcome the limitations in cisplatin and that copper, a biocompatible and redox-active metal, offers potential as alternative to cisplatin, the present study was undertaken to investigate the in vitro anti-proliferative properties of the mononuclear copper(II)complex [Cu(L)(diimine)] + where LH = 2-[(2-dimethylaminoethylimino)methyl]phenol and diimine = dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz) using breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 (ER(+ve) and p53(WT)) and MDA-MB-231(ER(-ve) and p53(mutant)) when cisplatin was used as positive control. The complex affected the viability of both the cell lines in dose-as well as duration-dependent manner as revealed in the MTT assay. The 24 and 48 h IC50 of the complex were several times lesser than those of cisplatin, and within this huge difference the efficacy of the complex was much superior with MCF-7 cell compared to MDA-MB-231 cell.

Mixed ligand copper(II) dicarboxylate complexes: the role of co-ligand hydrophobicity in DNA binding, double-strand DNA cleavage, protein binding and cytotoxicity.

A few water soluble mixed ligand copper(ii) complexes of the type [Cu(bimda)(diimine)] , where bimda is N-benzyliminodiacetic acid and diimine is 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, ) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, ) or 5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (5,6-dmp, ) or 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (3,4,7,8-tmp, ) and dipyrido[3,2-d: 2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq, ), have been successfully isolated and characterized by elemental analysis and other spectral techniques. The coordination geometry around copper(ii) in is described as distorted square based pyramidal while that in is described as square pyramidal. Absorption spectral titrations and competitive DNA binding studies reveal that the intrinsic DNA binding affinity of the complexes depends upon the diimine co-ligand, dpq () > 3,4,7,8-tmp () > 5,6-dmp () > phen () > bpy ().

Polyethyleneimine anchored copper(II) complexes: synthesis, characterization, in vitro DNA binding studies and cytotoxicity studies.

The water soluble polyethyleneimine-copper(II) complexes, [Cu(phen)(L-tyr)BPEI]ClO4 (where phen=1,10-phenanthroline, L-tyr=L-tyrosine and BPEI=branched polyethyleneimine) with various degree of copper(II) complex units in the polymer chain were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and electronic, FT-IR, EPR spectroscopic techniques. The binding of these complexes with CT-DNA was studied using UV-visible absorption titration, thermal denaturation, emission, circular dichroism spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetric methods. The changes observed in the physicochemcial properties indicated that the binding between the polymer-copper complexes and DNA was mostly through electrostatic mode of binding.

Mixed ligand copper(II) complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline with tridentate phenolate/pyridyl/(benz)imidazolyl Schiff base ligands: covalent vs non-covalent DNA binding, DNA cleavage and cytotoxicity.

A series of copper(II) complexes of the types [Cu(L)(phen)](ClO4) 1-2, where HL is a tridentate ligand with two nitrogen and one oxygen donor atoms (2NO) such as 2-(2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethyliminomethyl)phenol (HL1) and 2-(2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethyl-imino)methyl)-4-methylphenol (HL2), phen is 1,10-phenanthroline and [Cu(L)(phen)](ClO4)23-6, where L is a tridentate ligand with three nitrogen donor atoms (3N) such as (2-pyridin-2-ylethyl)pyridin-2-ylmethyleneamine (L3), 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl-methyleneamine (L4), 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethyl)(1H-imidazol-2-ylmethylene)-amine (L5) and 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethyl)(4,4a-dihydroquinolin-2-ylmethylene)amine (L6), has been isolated and characterized by different spectral techniques. In single crystal X-ray structures, 1 possesses square pyramidal distorted trigonal bipyramidal (SPDTBP), geometry whereas 3 and 4 possess trigonal bipyramidal distorted square pyramidal (TBDSP) geometry. UV-Vis and fluorescence spectral studies reveal that the complexes 1-6 bind non-covalently to calf thymus DNA more strongly than the corresponding covalently bound chlorido complexes [Cu(2NO)Cl] 1a-2a and [Cu(3N)Cl2] 3a-6a.

Mixed ligand copper(II) complexes of 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline: tridentate 3N primary ligands determine DNA binding and cleavage and cytotoxicity.

A series of mononuclear mixed ligand copper(II) complexes of the type [Cu(L)(2,9-dmp)](ClO4)21-4, where L is a tridentate 3N ligand such as diethylenetriamine (L1) (1) or N-methyl-N'-(pyrid-2-yl-methyl)ethylenediamine (L2) (2) or di(2-picolyl)amine (L3) (3) or bis(pyrid-2-ylmethyl)-N-methylamine (L4) (4) and 2,9-dmp is 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, has been isolated and characterized. The complexes 1 and 3 possess square-based pyramidal coordination geometry. Absorption spectral studies reveal that the intrinsic DNA binding affinity varies as 1>2>3>4.

Surfactant-copper(II) Schiff base complexes: synthesis, structural investigation, DNA interaction, docking studies, and cytotoxic activity.

A series of surfactant-copper(II) Schiff base complexes (1-6) of the general formula, [Cu(sal-R2)2] and [Cu(5-OMe-sal-R2)2], {where, sal=salicylaldehyde, 5-OMe-sal=5-methoxy- salicylaldehyde, and R2=dodecylamine (DA), tetradecylamine (TA), or cetylamine (CA)} have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic, ESI-MS, and elemental analysis methods. For a special reason, the structure of one of the complexes (2) was resolved by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and it indicates the presence of a distorted square-planar geometry in the complex. Analysis of the binding of these complexes with DNA has been carried out adapting UV-visible-, fluorescence-, as well as circular dichroism spectroscopic methods and viscosity experiments.

Mixed ligand μ-phenoxo-bridged dinuclear copper(II) complexes with diimine co-ligands: efficient chemical nuclease and protease activities and cytotoxicity.

The water soluble mixed ligand copper(II) complexes of the type [Cu(sal)(diimine)(ClO4)]21-5, where sal is salicylaldehyde and diimine is 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, 1), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 2), 5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (5,6-dmp, 3), 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (3,4,7,8-tmp, 4) or dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq, 5), and [Cu(sal)(phen)(NO3)]2 (2a) have been successfully isolated and characterized by elemental analysis and other spectral techniques. The DNA binding and cleavage properties of 1-5 have been explored by using various physical and biochemical methods. The coordination geometry around copper(II) in the X-ray structures of 1, 2, 2a and 4 is described as an elongated octahedron.

New ruthenium(II) arene complexes of anthracenyl-appended diazacycloalkanes: effect of ligand intercalation and hydrophobicity on DNA and protein binding and cleavage and cytotoxicity.

A series of half-sandwich Ru(II) arene complexes of the type [Ru(η(6)-arene)(L)Cl](PF6) 1-4, where arene is benzene (1, 2) or p-cymene (3, 4) and L is N-methylhomopiperazine (L1) or 1-(anthracen-10-ylmethyl)-4-methylhomopiperazine (L2), has been isolated and characterized by using spectral methods. The X-ray crystal structures of 2, 3 and 4 reveal that the compounds possess a pseudo-octahedral "piano-stool" structure equipped with the arene ligand as the seat and the bidentate ligand and the chloride ion as the legs of the stool. The DNA binding affinity determined using absorption spectral titrations with CT DNA and competitive DNA binding studies varies as 4 > 2 > 3 > 1, depending upon both the arene and diazacycloalkane ligands.

Copper(II) complexes with 2NO and 3N donor ligands: synthesis, structures and chemical nuclease and anticancer activities.

A series of water soluble copper(II) complexes of the types [Cu(L)Cl] 1-2, where LH is 2-(2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethyliminomethyl)phenol (H(L1)), and 2-(2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-ethyliminomethyl)-4-methylphenol (H(L2)), and [Cu(L)Cl2] 3-6, where L is (2-pyridin-2-yl-ethyl)pyridin-2-ylmethyleneamine (L3), 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethylpyridin-2-yl-methyleneamine (L4), 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethyl(1H-imidazol-2-ylmethylene)amine (L5), and 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethyl-(4,4a-dihydroquinolin-2-ylmethylene)amine (L6), have been isolated and characterized by elemental analysis, electronic absorption, ESI-MS and EPR spectral techniques and the electrochemical method. The single crystal X-ray structures of [Cu(L1)Cl] 1 and [Cu(L2)Cl] 2 possess a distorted square-based coordination geometry while [Cu(L4)Cl2] 4 and [Cu(L6)Cl2] 6 possess a distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination geometry. Both absorption spectral titration and an EthBr displacement assay reveal that all the complexes bind with calf thymus (CT) DNA through covalent mode of DNA interaction involving the replacement of an easily removable chloride ion with DNA nucleobases.

DNA/RNA binding and anticancer/antimicrobial activities of polymer-copper(II) complexes.

Water soluble polymer-copper(II) complexes with various degrees of coordination in the polymer chain were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-visible and EPR spectra. The DNA/RNA binding behavior of these polymer-copper(II) complexes was examined by UV-visible absorption, emission and circular dichroism spectroscopic methods, and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The binding of the polymer-copper(II) complexes with DNA/RNA was mainly through intercalation but some amount of electrostatic interaction was also observed.

Mixed ligand copper(II) complexes of N,N-bis(benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)amine (BBA) with diimine co-ligands: efficient chemical nuclease and protease activities and cytotoxicity.

A series of mononuclear mixed ligand copper(II) complexes [Cu(bba)(diimine)](ClO(4))(2)1-4, where bba is N,N-bis(benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)amine and diimine is 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) (1), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (2), 5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (5,6-dmp) (3), or dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq) (4), have been isolated and characterized by analytical and spectral methods. The coordination geometry around copper(II) in 2 is described as square pyramidal with the two benzimidazole nitrogen atoms of the primary ligand bba and the two nitrogen atoms of phen (2) co-ligand constituting the equatorial plane and the amine nitrogen atom of bba occupying the apical position. In contrast, the two benzimidazole nitrogen atoms and the amine nitrogen atom of bba ligand and one of the two nitrogen atoms of 5,6-dmp constitute the equatorial plane of the trigonal bipyramidal distorted square based pyramidal (TBDSBP) coordination geometry of 3 with the other nitrogen atom of 5,6-dmp occupying the apical position.

Antiproliferative property of n-hexane and chloroform extracts of Anisomeles malabarica (L). R. Br. in HPV16-positive human cervical cancer cells.

Objectives: To find the efficacy of serial extracts of Anisomeles malabarica in inhibiting proliferation of and inducing apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells, SiHa and ME 180, that are HPV 16-positive.

Materials And Methods: The whole plant was extracted in n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, methanol, and water. The cells were treated with the extracts at increasing concentrations to find the IC(50), adopting MTT ([3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]) assay.

Role of hesperetin (a natural flavonoid) and its analogue on apoptosis in HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line--a comparative study.

Colon cancer is one of the serious health problems in most developed countries and its incidence rate is increasing in India. Hesperetin (HN) (3',5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavonone) and hesperetin analogue (HA) were tested for their apoptosis inducing ability. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay revealed a dose as well as duration-dependent reduction of HT-29 (colon adenocarcinoma) cellular growth in response to HN and HA treatment.

Chloroform Extract of Rasagenthi Mezhugu, a Siddha Formulation, as an Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine for HPV-Positive Cervical Cancers.

Rasagenthi Mezhugu (RGM) is a herbomineral formulation in the Siddha system of traditional medicine and is prescribed in the southern parts of India as a remedy for all kinds of cancers. However, scientific evidence for its therapeutic efficacy in cervical cancer is lacking, and it contains heavy metals. To overcome these limitations, RGM was extracted, and the fractions were tested on HPV-positive cervical cancer cells, ME-180 and SiHa.