Representation and Bias in Artificial Intelligence Models for Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review.

There has been growing interest in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in thyroid cancer care, given its potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy, predict patient outcomes, and personalize treatment plans. However, bias introduced during the development of AI algorithms used for thyroid cancer care poses a significant challenge, as biased datasets can lead to disparities in diagnosis and treatment recommendations, particularly in underrepresented populations. This systematic review evaluates the current landscape of AI models for thyroid cancer, focusing on demographic representation and potential biases.

Clinician underprescription of and patient nonadherence to clinical practice guideline-recommended medications for peripheral artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Guidelines recommend that adults with peripheral artery disease (PAD) take antiplatelets, statins, and antihypertensives. However, it is unclear how frequently clinicians do not prescribe these medications (ie, underprescription), how often patients fail to fill/refill their prescriptions (ie, nonadherence), which factors increase underprescription/nonadherence risk, and whether underprescription/nonadherence are associated with outcomes.

Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews (January 1, 2006-to-February 18th, 2025) for studies reporting cumulative incidences/point prevalences of clinician underprescription and/or patient nonadherence to antiplatelets, statins, and/or antihypertensives; adjusted-risk factors for underprescription/nonadherence; and adjusted-outcomes associated with underprescription/nonadherence among adults with PAD.

Blood transfusion training for prehospital providers: a scoping review.

Background: Blood transfusion is increasingly utilised to manage haemorrhagic shock in prehospital environments. This practice is particularly relevant in settings where delays to definitive treatment are common due to extended evacuation timelines, limited resupply, and challenging environmental conditions. Safe and effective transfusion in these contexts depends on competent, well-prepared providers.

Effectiveness of predictive scoring systems in predicting mortality in relation to baseline kidney function in adult intensive care unit patients: a systematic review protocol.

Introduction: Predictive scoring systems support clinicians in decision-making by estimating the prognosis of patients in intensive care units (ICUs). However, there is limited evidence on the accuracy of these systems in predicting mortality and organ dysfunction in special populations. The aim of this review is to assess the performance of predictive scoring systems in forecasting mortality in adult ICU patients in relation to baseline kidney function.

Spontaneous recanalization of extracranial internal carotid occlusion: A systematic scoping review.

Introduction: The spontaneous recanalization of an occluded extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) is thought to be an uncommon etiology of ischemic stroke. However, a growing number of reports describe this phenomenon. We sought to perform a scoping review of the literature to assess the prevalence of spontaneous ICA recanalization and its timing in relation to occlusion, and any patterns in imaging and treatment.

CAR-NK cells to treat patients with cancer: a systematic scoping review of published studies and registered clinical trials.

Introduction: Chimeric antigen-receptor natural killer cells (CAR-NKs) offer a promising allogeneic immune effector cell therapy to treat malignant diseases. A systematic review is needed to understand the scope of current clinical studies and registered active trials to identify aspects of study design and cell product characterization that could accelerate greater clinical adoption.

Methods: A systematic review of all publications (to January 25, 2025) and registered clinical trials (to June 21, 2024) was conducted.

Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes of living kidney donors with preexisting hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: As the demand for living donor kidney transplantation increases, transplant programs have increasingly accepted hypertensive kidney donors. However, the safety of this practice remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in living kidney donors with and without pre-existing hypertension.

Validation of automated paper screening for esophagectomy systematic review using large language models.

Background: Large language models (LLMs) offer a potential solution to the labor-intensive nature of systematic reviews. This study evaluated the ability of the GPT model to identify articles that discuss perioperative risk factors for esophagectomy complications. To test the performance of the model, we tested GPT-4 on narrower inclusion criterion and by assessing its ability to discriminate relevant articles that solely identified preoperative risk factors for esophagectomy.

Preclinical systematic review of CCR5 antagonists as cerebroprotective and stroke recovery enhancing agents.

C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) antagonists may improve both acute stroke outcome and long-term recovery. Despite their evaluation in ongoing clinical trials, gaps remain in the evidence supporting their use. With a panel of patients with lived experiences of stroke, we performed a systematic review of animal models of stroke that administered a CCR5 antagonist and assessed infarct size or behavioural outcomes.

The impact of frailty on clinical outcomes among individuals with COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Frailty is a prevalent and robust predictor of poor outcomes for older adults and those with chronic disease. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to understand the association between frailty and clinical outcomes for people with COPD.

Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central, CINAHL, and Web of Science from inception to February 2022, for observational studies evaluating the association between frailty and clinical outcomes among individuals with COPD.

Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Membranous Urethral Length as a Predictor of Urinary Continence After Radical Prostatectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background And Objective: The evidence regarding membranous urethral length (MUL) and urinary continence after radical prostatectomy is inconsistent. The primary objective of this review was to evaluate the association between MUL and postprostatectomy continence.

Methods: Multiple databases were searched up to August 31, 2024.

Infectious complications after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with an autoimmune indication: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) offers potential long-term remission for various autoimmune diseases, especially in patients unresponsive to conventional treatments. Notwithstanding its benefits, aHSCT carries risks from cytotoxic agents and temporary immunosuppression, leading to infectious complications. This systematic review focuses on the incidence and characteristics of infections in patients with autoimmune diseases undergoing aHSCT.

Strategies to Improve Health Care Provider Prescription of and Patient Adherence to Guideline-Recommended Cardiovascular Medications for Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease: Protocol for Two Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: In patients with atherosclerotic occlusive diseases, systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) report that antiplatelets, statins, and antihypertensives reduce the risk of major adverse cardiac events, need for revascularization procedures, mortality, and health care resource use. However, evidence suggests that these patients are not prescribed these medications adequately or do not adhere to them once prescribed.

Objective: We aim to systematically review and meta-analyze RCTs examining the effectiveness of implementation or adherence-supporting strategies for improving health care provider prescription of, or patient adherence to, guideline-recommended cardiovascular medications in patients with atherosclerotic occlusive disease.

A scoping review protocol on brain PaCO2 levels at altitude.

Background: Aeromedical transfer of patients with ischemic stroke to access hyperacute stroke treatment is becoming increasingly common. Little is known about how rapid changes of altitude and atmospheric pressure can impact cerebral perfusion and ischemic burden. In patients with ischemic stroke, there is a theoretical possibility that this physiologic response of hypoxia-driven hyperventilation at higher altitude can lead to a relative drop in PaCO2.

Instructional design features in ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia simulation-based training: a systematic review.

Introduction: Ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia enhances pain control, patient outcomes and lowers healthcare costs. However, teaching this skill effectively presents challenges with current training methods. Simulation-based medical education offers advantages over traditional methods.

Efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor engineered natural killer cells in the treatment of hematologic malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.

Background: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered NK cells (CAR-NK) are a novel approach to the immunotherapy of hematologic malignancies which seeks to overcome some of the challenges faced by CAR-T cells (CAR-T). With few published clinical studies, preclinical studies can identify strategies to accelerate clinical translation. We conducted a systematic review on the preclinical in vivo use of CAR-NK for the treatment of hematologic malignancies to assess these therapies in a holistic and unbiased manner.

Sexually dimorphic response to tobacco in the development of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review.

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) demonstrates a complex interaction with tobacco exposure and sex differences, where females and males may experience varying risks and outcomes. This study aims to investigate how sex differences mediate the relationship between tobacco exposure and CKD development, with a secondary focus on regional variability and social determinants of health.

Study Selection And Criteria: Comprehensive searches on MEDLINE, EMBASE, clinicaltrials.

Analytical modelling techniques for enhancing tacrolimus dosing in solid organ transplantation: a systematic review protocol.

Introduction: Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant commonly administered in transplant recipients. Given its narrow therapeutic range and susceptibility to various influencing variables, determining its optimal dosage is challenging. This systematic review seeks to identify effective analytical modelling techniques and methods for optimal tacrolimus dose prediction in solid transplant recipients.

Guideline concordant screening and monitoring of extrapyramidal symptoms in patients prescribed antipsychotic medication: a protocol for a systematic literature review and narrative synthesis.

Introduction: Given the increasing rates of antipsychotic use in multiple psychiatric conditions, greater attention to the assessment, monitoring and documentation of their side effects is warranted. While a significant degree of attention has been provided to metabolic side effect monitoring, comparatively little is known about how clinicians screen for, document and monitor the motor side effects of antipsychotics (ie, parkinsonism, akathisia, dystonia and dyskinesias, collectively 'extrapyramidal side effects', EPS). This review aims to systematically assess the literature for insights into current trends in EPS monitoring practices within various mental health settings globally.

Predicting intracerebral hemorrhage after endovascular therapy for anterior circulation strokes using CT-ASPECT, CTP-ASPECT and DWI-ASPECT: Protocol for a systematic review.

Introduction: Over the last decade, there have been significant advances in treatments for anterior ischemic stroke, most notably endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). Despite the success of EVT on overall outcomes, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is an important post-procedure complication, often associated with mortality and disability. Hence, predicting the risk of ICH can inform EVT decision making.

Systematic Review of Women Leading and Participating in Nephrology Randomized Clinical Trials.

Introduction: Women are underrepresented in the leadership of and participation in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We conducted a bibliometric review of nephrology RCTs to examine trial leadership by women and participation of women in nephrology RCTs.

Methods: A bibliometric review of RCTs published in top medical, surgical, or nephrology journals was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE from January 2011 to December 2021.

Economic Evaluations of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapies for Hematologic and Solid Malignancies: A Systematic Review.

Objectives: This study aimed to systematically review evidence on the cost-effectiveness of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapies for patients with cancer.

Methods: Electronic databases were searched in October 2022 and updated in September 2023. Systematic reviews, health technology assessments, and economic evaluations that compared costs and effects of CAR-T therapy in patients with cancer were included.