Correction: New diagnostic assays for differential diagnosis between the two distinct lineages of bovine influenza D viruses and human influenza C viruses.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.

Microbiome-Immune Interaction and Harnessing for Next-Generation Vaccines Against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Poultry.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) remains a persistent threat to global poultry production and public health. Current vaccine platforms show limited cross-clade efficacy and often fail to induce mucosal immunity. Recent advances in microbiome research reveal critical roles for gut commensals in modulating vaccine-induced immunity, including enhancement of mucosal IgA production, CD8 T-cell activation, and modulation of systemic immune responses.

Role and Contribution of Serological Surveillance in Animals and Exposed Humans to the Study of Zoonotic Influenza Disease Epidemiology: A Scoping Review.

Zoonotic influenza viruses pose a significant and evolving public health threat. In response to the recent rise in H5N1 cross-species transmission, the World Health Organization (WHO) R&D Blueprint for Epidemics consultations have prioritized strengthening surveillance, candidate vaccines, diagnostics, and pandemic preparedness. Serological surveillance plays a pivotal role by providing insights into the prevalence and transmission dynamics of influenza viruses.

Discovery, phylogenetic, and comparative genomic analysis of novel avian gammacoronaviruses identified in feral pigeons ().

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has intensified efforts to identify emerging coronaviruses (CoVs) across diverse hosts. Spillover events, where CoVs transition from wildlife reservoirs to other species, can lead to infections with varying clinical outcomes, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance. Understanding the diversity and distribution of both known and novel CoVs in wildlife reservoirs is crucial for predicting and preventing future spillover events.

A clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus vaccine that elicits cross-protective antibodies against conserved domains of H5 and N1 glycoproteins.

The continuous evolution and widespread dissemination of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses, particularly clade 2.3.4.

Inflammatory, transcriptomic, and cell fate responses underlying the mammalian transmission of avian influenza viruses.

Airborne transmissibility of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in humans is considered an essential component of their pandemic risk. Although several viral factors regulating airborne transmission (AT) have been delineated, it is not known what, if any, responses at the respiratory epithelia are determinants of AIV AT. Using responses in the ferret nasal epithelium to a panel of H1N1 AIVs, we describe host responses that segregate with AT phenotypes.

Genotype B3.13 influenza A(H5N1) viruses isolated from dairy cattle demonstrate high virulence in laboratory models, but retain avian virus-like properties.

In March 2024, clade 2.3.4.

Vertical Transmission of Bovine H5N1 during Pregnancy and Lactation in Mice.

Panzootic spillover of H5N1 virus clade 2.3.4.

Bridging Genomics and Clinical Medicine: RSVrecon Enhances RSV Surveillance with Automated Genotyping and Clinically Important Mutation Reporting.

Background: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) causes significant respiratory infections, particularly in young children and elderly adults. Genetic variations in the fusion (F) protein can reduce the efficacy of vaccination and monoclonal antibody treatments, emphasizing the need for genomic surveillance of this virus.

Motivation: Current pipelines for RSV genome assembly focus on sequence reconstruction but often lack features for detecting genotypes, clinically relevant mutations, or presenting results in formats that are suitable for clinical researchers.

Transmission Pathways of Zoonotic Influenza Viruses and Influencing Factors: A Systematic Review of Recent Findings.

Recent outbreaks of zoonotic influenza viruses underscored the need for a deeper understanding of transmission pathways and factors influencing spillover events. Understanding the combined effects of environmental conditions, host interactions, and viral adaptations is essential for effective preparedness and response. The WHO public health research agenda for influenza, revised in 2017, recommended research to further define the host-to-host transmission pathways of influenza type A viruses.

Global update on the susceptibilities of influenza viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors and the cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir, 2020-2023.

Antiviral susceptibility of influenza viruses is monitored by the World Health Organization Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System. This study describes a global analysis of the susceptibility of influenza viruses to neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs, oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, laninamivir) and the cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor (CENI, baloxavir) for three periods (May to May for 2020-2021, 2021-2022 and 2022-2023). In particular, global influenza activity declined significantly in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 when compared to the pre-pandemic period of COVID-19.

Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha Variant in White-Tailed Deer, Ohio, USA.

Free-ranging white-tailed deer (WTD) are highly susceptible to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Through an opportunistic sampling of WTD in northeast Ohio, USA, during January-March 2023, we identified 6 SARS-CoV-2 lineages from 36 sequences using the pangolin lineages tool, including the B.1.

Controlling bird flu is urgent-for dairy, wildlife, poultry, pets, and people.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype have recently undergone a major geographic expansion. At the same time, these viruses have substantially broadened their host range. Typically, H5N1 circulates in poultry, waterfowl, and shorebirds, but the breadth of avian species affected has increased and spillover to mammals has become common.

Outcomes of experimental infection of calves with swine influenza H3N2 virus.

Unprecedented outbreaks caused by the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) among dairy cows in the United States have raised significant concerns. Whether other subtypes of influenza A viruses (IAVs) can infect and transmit in cattle remains largely unknown. Herein, we infected cattle respiratory and mammary gland cells with different IAVs and two groups of Holstein calves intranasally or orally with a swine H3N2 virus to determine their susceptibility.

Newcastle disease virus in Egyptian domestic poultry, 2019-2021: Molecular characterization, phylogenetic analysis, and coinfection with avian influenza A virus.

Background: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a major viral disease of poultry that causes outbreaks in chickens in Egypt.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of NDV and its cocirculation with avian influenza virus (AIV) in Egyptian domestic poultry.

Methods: Samples collected from January 2019 to February 2021 from different flock types of vaccinated and nonvaccinated domestic birds in seven governorates in Egypt were tested for NDV.

Altered germinal center responses in mice vaccinated with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus vaccines typically yield lower neutralizing antibody titers in animals than influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines derived from other viral subtypes. To understand these differences, we compared the cellular immune responses in the draining lymph nodes (dLNs) of mice vaccinated with an inactivated whole H5N1 vaccine to those in mice vaccinated with seasonal H1N1pdm09, H7N9, or H9N2 IAV vaccines. H5N1-vaccinated mice exhibited reduced serum neutralizing antibody titers, despite the hemagglutinin-binding immunoglobulin production being similar to that with other IAV vaccines.

Acute Respiratory and Influenza Viruses Circulating in Kazakhstan During 2018-2024.

Respiratory tract infections cause serious morbidity and mortality and are a major public health problem. The objective of our study was detection of the prevalence of viral respiratory diseases in the territory of Kazakhstan during the epidemic period of 2018-2024. The presence of respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal swabs was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Diverse bat organoids provide pathophysiological models for zoonotic viruses.

Bats are important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, but suitable model systems for comprehensively exploring host-pathogen interactions and assessing spillover risks remain limited. To address this gap, we developed a collection of bat organoid models spanning five species and four organ types. This multispecies, multiorgan organoid panel showed species- and tissue-specific replication patterns for several viruses, offering robust pathophysiological models for studying respiratory, renal, and enteric zoonotic viruses.

Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Nursing Home Residents and Staff.

Background: Nursing homes (NHs) were disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known regarding the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 shedding in NH residents and staff, which could inform treatment and infection prevention.

Methods: We enrolled NH residents and staff in eight US states from April to November 2023 and analyzed the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 using serial antigen and molecular (RT-PCR) tests, whole genome sequencing, and viral culture (VC).

Longitudinal Active Avian Influenza Surveillance in Bangladesh From 2017-2022 Reveals Differential IAV and H5 Infection and Viral Burden Associated With Bird Species, Sex, and Age.

Influenza viruses are a major global health burden with up to 650,000 associated deaths annually. Beyond seasonal illness, influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a constant pandemic threat due to novel emergent viruses that have evolved the ability to jump from their natural avian hosts to humans. Because of this threat, active surveillance of circulating IAV strains in wild and domestic bird populations is vital to our pandemic preparedness and response strategies.

Tracing household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in New Zealand using genomics.

By early 2022, the highly transmissible Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 had spread across most of the world. For the first time since the pandemic began, New Zealand was experiencing high levels of community transmission of SARS-CoV-2. We enroled a cohort of households to better understand differences in transmission dynamics among subvariants of Omicron.

Transmission dynamics of avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry markets.

Live bird markets (LBMs) are considered hotspots for Avian Influenza Viruses (AIVs). In such markets, AIVs pose threats to both poultry and public health. Within LBMs, AIVs spread through various routes, including direct contact, environmental contamination, and aerosol transmission.

Live-attenuated pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccines expressing computationally optimized broadly reactive antigens (COBRAs) are immunogenic and protective in mice and ferrets.

Computationally optimized broadly reactive antigens (COBRAs) induce broad and protective immune responses across multiple viral vaccine platforms. However, their suitability for incorporation into live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) remains uncertain, as antigen modifications could potentially impact LAIV generation, replication, stability, or immunogenicity. In this study, COBRA hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) antigens designated Y2 and N1I, respectively, of the influenza H1N1 subtype were reverse-engineered into A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8)-based LAIVs.