Downregulated AhR Expression is Linked with Increased IFN-γ Production and Impaired Immune Checkpoint Upregulation in Vitiligo (MS# JID-2024-1072).

The kynurenine (Kyn)-aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor (AhR) axis restrains cytotoxic T-cell activity by tempering IFN-γ release and sustaining immune-checkpoint expression, yet its status in vitiligo remains undefined. We profiled AhR expression in circulating T cells, quantified serum tryptophan (Trp) and Kyn, and assessed intracellular IFN-γ/IL-17A with soluble checkpoint molecules in 186 non-segmental vitiligo patients and 56 matched controls. Vitiligo patients showed significantly reduced AhR expression in CD8 T cells (p=0.

The role of intermittent fasting and ketogenic diet in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.

Objectives: To review the current evidence on intermittent fasting (IF) and ketogenic diet (KD) as dietary interventions for the management of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), including their mechanisms of action, clinical benefits, and potential when used in combination.

Methods: A narrative review of recent scientific literature examining the physiological mechanisms, clinical outcomes, and practical implementation of IF and KD in patients with MetS and T2D. The focus is on studies evaluating glycemic control, body weight, lipid profiles, and inflammation, as well as the proposed shared biochemical pathways involving AMPK activation and mTOR inhibition.

Serum-Based Assessment of Alopecia Areata Response to Treatment Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy.

: Serum diagnostic tests for alopecia areata may be used to monitor response to treatment, aiding in the objective assessment of disease activity and helping to change treatment at an earlier point. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy offers a nondestructive and user-friendly approach for analyzing a wide range of samples. In this study, we evaluated whether ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with machine learning can detect alopecia areata and quantify disease activity.

A Quality Analysis of the Measurement Properties of the Clinician-Reported Outcome Measures for Vitiligo and of the Studies Assessing Them: A Systematic Review.

Evaluating the measurement properties (MPs) of Clinician-Reported Outcome Measures (ClinROMs) is crucial for selecting appropriate instruments for vitiligo assessment. This review critically appraises the existing evidence on the MPs of the ClinROMs used in vitiligo. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library up to 20 February 2024, identifying validated ClinROMs in vitiligo.

Quality Analysis of Measurement Properties of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Vitiligo and of the Studies Assessing Them: A Systematic Review.

Evaluating measurement properties (MPs) of Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) in vitiligo is essential for evidence-based recommendations and identifying research gaps. This study assesses the quality of PROMs used in vitiligo. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library (up to 20 February 2024) included studies on PROM analysis or development, excluding those validating other tools.

The AhR pathway is dysregulated in alopecia areata.

Despite significant progress in the treatment of alopecia areata (AA), many aspects of its immune-based pathogenesis remain unexplored. IFN-γ, primarily produced by CD8 T cells and NK cells, is considered central to AA pathogenesis. However, the complex immune signaling network contributes to therapeutic resistance and frequent disease flares after treatment discontinuation.

Th Pathways in Immune-Mediated Skin Disorders: A Guide for Strategic Treatment Decisions.

In recent years, there have been significant breakthroughs in the identification of immunological components of skin diseases and in the development of immunomodulatory drugs. Novel therapies create exciting prospects for personalized care. This article provides an overview of the role played by Th1, Th2, Th17, and follicular Th pathways in the most common skin diseases.

The Multifaceted Aspects of Oxidative Stress in the Skin and Other Tissues.

Different tissues experience various levels of oxidative stress based on their function and protection from outside environments [...

Vitiligo: From Pathogenesis to Treatment.

Recent advances in vitiligo have provided promising treatment options, particularly through understanding the immune-mediated mechanisms leading to depigmentation. The inflammatory components in both vitiligo (non-segmental) and segmental vitiligo have similarities. Both are believed to result from an immune-based destruction of melanocytes by anti-melanocyte-specific cytotoxic T cells.

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Signaling in Chronic Kidney Disease: Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Potentials.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a steady decline in kidney function and affects roughly 10% of the world's population. This review focuses on the critical function of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling in CKD, specifically how it influences both protective and pathogenic processes in the kidney. cAMP, a critical secondary messenger, controls a variety of cellular functions, including transcription, metabolism, mitochondrial homeostasis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis.

Predictive value of disease activity signs in vitiligo: An observational study.

The progression of vitiligo is unpredictable, emphasizing the need to identify periods of activity early for tailored treatment. Confetti-like depigmentation, hypochromic areas/borders and Koebner's phenomenon are clinical visible signs associated with disease activity in vitiligo. However, their true clinical significance requires further investigation using standardized scoring systems.

Investigating Vitamin D-Binding Protein's Role in Childhood Health and Development.

Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP), also known as Gc-globulin, is a protein that affects several physiological processes, including the transport and regulation of vitamin D metabolites. Genetic polymorphisms in the gene have a significant impact on vitamin D levels and may have implications for disease risk. polymorphisms are linked to differential immune responses, which could influence the onset of juvenile diseases.

Infrared Spectroscopy in Gynecological Oncology: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnostic Potentials and Challenges.

The early detection of gynecological cancers, which is critical for improving patient survival rates, is challenging because of the vague early symptoms and the diagnostic limitations of current approaches. This comprehensive review delves into the game-changing potential of infrared (IR) spectroscopy, a noninvasive technology used to transform the landscape of cancer diagnosis in gynecology. By collecting the distinctive vibrational frequencies of chemical bonds inside tissue samples, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy provides a 'molecular fingerprint' that outperforms existing diagnostic approaches.

Advancing Renal Amyloidosis Care: The Role of Modern Diagnostic Techniques with the Potential of Enhancing Patient Outcomes.

Renal amyloidosis is a set of complex disorders characterized by the deposition of amyloid proteins in the kidneys, which causes gradual organ damage and potential kidney failure. Recent developments in diagnostic methods, particularly mass spectrometry and proteome profiling, have greatly improved the accuracy of amyloid typing, which is critical for disease management. These technologies provide extensive insights into the specific proteins involved, allowing for more targeted treatment approaches and better patient results.

Exploring the Severity Strata of Disease Activity and Repigmentation in Vitiligo Based on Validated Physician Global Assessment (PGA) Scores.

There is currently no guidance on how to interpret the global degrees of activity (worsening) and repigmentation (improvement) in vitiligo. Stratification into global degrees can be completed for static evaluations (e.g.

Proteomics data in vitiligo: a scoping review.

An unbiased screening of which proteins are deregulated in vitiligo using proteomics can offer an enormous value. It could not only reveal robust biomarkers for detecting disease activity but can also identify which patients are most likely to respond to treatments. We performed a scoping review searching for all articles using proteomics in vitiligo.

The potential role of vitamin D binding protein in kidney disease: a comprehensive review.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing health concern with a complex etiological landscape. Among the numerous factors implicated, vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) has emerged as a focal point of scientific studies because of its critical role in vitamin D metabolism and immune modulation. The relationship between VDBP and CKD reveals a complex web of molecular and biochemical details that have great potential for improving diagnostic understanding and treatment strategies for CKD.

The Impact of Antioxidants on Vitiligo and Melasma: A Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during melanogenesis make melanocytes particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress, influencing their survival and melanin synthesis. Oxidative stress, significantly present in vitiligo and recently also detected in melasma, triggers inflammatory cascades and melanogenesis, making antioxidants a promising therapeutic avenue. A systematic search was conducted on Embase and Pubmed to study the efficacy of antioxidants for treating vitiligo and/or melasma.

Infrared Spectroscopy: A New Frontier in Hematological Disease Diagnosis.

Hematological diseases, due to their complex nature and diverse manifestations, pose significant diagnostic challenges in healthcare. The pressing need for early and accurate diagnosis has driven the exploration of novel diagnostic techniques. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, renowned for its noninvasive, rapid, and cost-effective characteristics, has emerged as a promising adjunct in hematological diagnostics.

From Vibrations to Visions: Raman Spectroscopy's Impact on Skin Cancer Diagnostics.

Raman spectroscopy, a non-invasive diagnostic technique capturing molecular vibrations, offers significant advancements in skin cancer diagnostics. This review delineates the ascent of Raman spectroscopy from classical methodologies to the forefront of modern technology, emphasizing its precision in differentiating between malignant and benign skin tissues. Our study offers a detailed examination of distinct Raman spectroscopic signatures found in skin cancer, concentrating specifically on squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma, across both in vitro and in vivo research.

Unlocking the link between haptoglobin polymorphism and noninfectious human diseases: insights and implications.

Haptoglobin (Hp) is a polymorphic protein that was initially described as a hemoglobin (Hb)-binding protein. The major functions of Hp are to scavenge Hb, prevent iron loss, and prevent heme-based oxidation. Hp regulates angiogenesis, nitric oxide homeostasis, immune responses, and prostaglandin synthesis.