Interventions for smokeless tobacco use cessation.

Rationale: While combustible tobacco has been the subject of a very large amount of research, smokeless tobacco products receive less attention. Most smokeless tobacco products are very harmful and cause global health inequality. It is therefore important to identify evidence-based cessation aids.

Behavioural support and nicotine replacement therapy for smokeless tobacco cessation in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan: A pilot randomized controlled trial.

Background And Aims: Smokeless tobacco (ST) use in South Asia is high, yet interventions to support its cessation are lacking. We tested the feasibility of delivering interventions for ST cessation in South Asia.

Design: We used a 2 × 2 factorial design, pilot randomized controlled trial with a duration of 26 weeks, including baseline and follow-up (6, 12 and 26 weeks) assessments.

Non-compliant packaging and illicit smokeless tobacco in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan: findings of a pack analysis.

Introduction: Illicit smokeless tobacco (ST) trade has seldom been documented despite ST use in at least 127 countries across the world. Based on non-compliance with packaging regulations, we report the proportion of illicit ST products from samples on sale in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan where 85% of global ST users reside.

Methods: We purchased unique ST products from tobacco sellers in two purposively selected administrative areas (division/district) in each of the three countries.

Behavioural support and nicotine replacement therapy for smokeless tobacco cessation: protocol for a pilot randomised-controlled multi-country trial.

Background: Smokeless tobacco (ST) is consumed globally by more than 350 million people, with approximately 85% of all users based in South and Southeast Asia. In this region, ST products are cheap and easily accessible. Evidence-based interventions to people quit ST use are lacking.

Smokeless Tobacco Initiation, Use, and Cessation in South Asia: A Qualitative Assessment.

Introduction: Smokeless tobacco (ST) is a significant South Asian public health problem. This paper reports a qualitative study of a sample of South Asian ST users.

Methods: Interviews, using a piloted topic guide, with 33 consenting, urban dwelling adult ST users explored their ST initiation, continued use, and cessation attempts.

Smokeless tobacco products, supply chain and retailers' practices in England: a multimethods study to inform policy.

Background: In England, many people of South Asian origin consume smokeless tobacco (ST). ST use can lead to oral cancer, which is disproportionately high in South Asians. Our aims were to assess the compliance of ST product retailers with statutory regulations and to explore the supply chain of ST.

A Policy Perspective on the Global Use of Smokeless Tobacco.

Background: Globally, over 300 million people consume diverse smokeless tobacco (ST) products. They are addictive, cause cancer, increased cardiovascular mortality risks and poor pregnancy outcomes.

Purpose Of Review: To identify gaps in implementing key ST demand-reduction measures, focused literature reviews were conducted and findings synthesized according to relevant WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Articles.

The Epidemiology of Tobacco Use among Khat Users: A Systematic Review.

Khat, an "amphetamine-like green leaf," may influence the consumption of tobacco. This study reviews the epidemiology of tobacco use among khat users. Electronic database searches using appropriate keywords/terms were conducted to identify observational studies of khat use.

Short-Term Smoking Cessation in English Resident Adults of Bangladeshi Origin: A Service Review.

Introduction: Cigarette smoking in English residents of Bangladeshi origin, particularly men, exceeds national estimates. Cessation outcomes and potential predictors of successful cigarette smoking cessation in this group await identification.

Methods: This service review reports cessation outcomes and predictors of success for 324 adult English resident Bangladeshi origin smokers recruited into a project providing a specialist tobacco cessation service.

Waterpipe tobacco dependence in U.K. male adult residents: a cross-sectional study.

Introduction: The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WPTS) is increasing worldwide. The aims of this study were (a) to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Lebanon Waterpipe Dependence Scale (LWDS-11), and (b) to assess, estimate, and identify factors associated with waterpipe tobacco dependence symptoms among U.K.

Khat dependence syndrome: a cross sectional preliminary evaluation amongst UK-resident Yemeni khat chewers.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Khat is a natural psychostimulant that has pharmacological effects similar to that of amphetamine. The behaviour of khat chewing is embedded within a cultural context. Meanwhile khat chewing is associated with psychological and physiologically burden, as a 'dependence producing' substance.

Smokeless tobacco cessation in South Asian communities: a multi-centre prospective cohort study.

Aim: To evaluate smokeless tobacco cessation in communities of South Asian origin.

Design: Multi-centre prospective cohort study.

Setting: Three tobacco cessation services offering specialist smokeless tobacco cessation outreach clinic support to South Asians (Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani) resident in England.

Tobacco promotion and availability in school neighborhoods in India: a cross-sectional study of their impact on adolescent tobacco use.

Background: Adolescent tobacco use is a major public health problem. However, there is little information about the impact of tobacco advertising and availability near schools on adolescent tobacco use in India.

Methods: The various tobacco products and brands available in outlets within 100 meters of two high schools in an Indian town were identified.

Oral pain before and after smokeless tobacco cessation in U.K.-resident Bangladeshi women: cross-sectional analyses.

Introduction: Paan quid with tobacco (PQT) use is common in South Asian populations. Oral pain following a PQT cessation attempt is commonly reported. Factors determining this await full exploration.

Contents and price of vendor assembled paan quid with tobacco in five London localities: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Little is known of paan quid with tobacco (PQT), a hand-made mixture of smokeless tobacco, areca nut, lime and flavourings in a betel leaf, despite its wide use in south Asian communities. This study has explored the price, tobacco types, brands and ingredient weights in vendor assembled PQT in London (England).

Methods: This cross-sectional study identified 31 commercial outlets selling PQT.

Validity and reliability of the Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence in a sample of Arabic speaking UK-resident Yemeni khat chewers.

Background: The Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) (formally FTND) is widely used for measuring physical dependence on nicotine.

Objective: To explore the cross cultural validity and reliability of FTCD amongst Arabic speaker cigarette consumers who chew khat leaf, a stimulant green leaf.

Methods: The psychometric properties of the FTCD were assessed in a subsample (91 regular cigarette smokers) of purposively selected 204 UK-resident Yemeni khat chewers recruited during random visits to khat sale outlets.

Factors associated with dental and medical care attendance in UK resident Yemeni khat chewers: a cross sectional study.

Background: The chewing of khat leaf with tobacco smoking amongst Yemenis, Somalis and Ethiopians is reported to impact oral and general health. The health status and particularly dental and medical care attendance of UK-khat chewers has not received attention. This study aimed to explore health status and dental and medical attendance and its associated factors in UK permanently resident Yemeni khat chewers.

The impact of periodontal therapy on oral health-related quality of life in adults: a systematic review.

Background: Periodontal disease negatively affects oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). While there is sufficient evidence for the clinical efficacy of periodontal therapy, data on patient-based outcomes are limited.

Objectives: To systematically review the available evidence on the impact of periodontal therapy on OHRQoL in adults.

Predictors of successful short-term tobacco cessation in UK resident female Bangladeshi tobacco chewers.

Aim:   To identify predictors of short-term smokeless tobacco cessation in Bangladeshi women resident in the United Kingdom.

Design:   Prospective cohort study.

Setting:   A tobacco cessation service offering culturally tailored smokeless tobacco cessation support.

Validation of self-reported khat chewing amongst khat chewers: an exploratory study.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Khat chewing amongst the UK communities originating from Yemen and the East African coast is suggested to create dependency through its main stimulant components (cathinone, norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine) on the central nervous system.

Aims Of The Study: To validate self-reported khat chewing behaviours by measuring levels of cathinone, norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine in saliva and to explore their associations with self-reported khat chewing dependency.

Materials And Methods: Face-to-face interviews were conducted amongst 30 male UK-resident khat chewers.

Correlates of nicotine dependence in U.K. resident Yemeni khat chewers: a cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Khat chewing is often associated with tobacco use with impacts on health. This cross-sectional study aimed (a) to explore and validate aspects of self-reported tobacco smoking and whether objective measures of tobacco smoking differ in different situations among khat chewers who smoked and (b) to assess the social factors correlated with nicotine dependence among khat chewers who smoked regularly.

Methods: This study recruited a purposive sample of 204 U.

Validity and reliability of a Severity of Dependence Scale for khat (SDS-khat).

Aims Of The Study: (1) To assess psychological khat dependence and (2) to assess the validity and reliability of the Severity Dependence Scale (Gossop et al., 1995) amended for khat use (SDS-khat), in a sample of UK-resident male adult Yemeni khat chewers.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional study using a face to face structured interview schedule was conducted amongst purposively sampled UK-resident adult Yemeni male khat chewers, aged 18 years and above, selected during random visits to places of khat sale.