Serological field investigations revealing natural exposure of one-humped dromedary camels () to foot-and-mouth disease virus in India.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most significant animal diseases globally, affecting over 60 susceptible species including camelids particularly Bactrian camels. In order to gather baseline evidence on the current status of FMD in Indian camels, a preliminary random serosurvey was conducted in camels of Rajasthan state with significant camel population. A total of 777 sera collected from one-humped dromedary camels () across 11 districts of Rajasthan during 2016-2017 were screened for FMD virus (FMDV) 3ABC nonstructural protein (NSP)-antibodies using the commercial PrioCHECK FMDV NS kit.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus alters MUC genes expression and function of goblet cells in the intestines of naturally infected cattle calves.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), the "Risk Group 4" animal pathogen, causes devastating economic losses world over. The mechanism of the disease process is still not fully explored despite extensive research work going on. The present work highlights the intestinal pathology with mucin gene expression in 41 calves died from FMD virus infection in two separate outbreaks.

Co-circulation of multiple serotypes of foot and mouth disease virus among susceptible multispecies animal population in India during 2021-2022.

India, with over 535 million livestock, is one of the largest and most densely populated countries in Asia in terms of livestock population. Transboundary animal diseases, such as foot and mouth disease (FMD), pose significant constraints on the development of progressive livestock enterprises in developing countries. During 2021-2022, a relatively higher number of suspected FMD outbreaks were reported across multiple species in most states and union territories (UTs).

Monoclonal antibody based competitive 3AB non-structural protein ELISA for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most infectious viral diseases of cloven-footed animals which cause devastating global economic losses. FMD virus (FMDV) specific non-structural protein (NSP) antibodies are indicative of a current or past infection with any of the seven FMDV serotypes(O, A, C, Asia1, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3). In the present study, a monoclonal antibody (MAb) was developed against recombinant FMDV NSP 3AB3 (r3AB3) via hybridoma system and applied in a competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for NSP antibody detection.

Pan-serotype reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay targeting 2B-NSP coding region for colorimetric detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in clinical samples.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of even-toed animals. Rapid, early, and accurate diagnosis of the disease is important for the swift control of FMD. Although PCR-based assays are being used routinely for the effective diagnosis of FMD, these assays require sophisticated equipment, dedicated manpower, and complex procedures for the detection of amplified viral-genome.

A foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O field strain from an outbreak in India has a three-codon deletion in the 3A coding region.

In this study, we performed the first comprehensive analysis of the 3A region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O isolates from India, covering a period of 60 years. Frequent substitutions were observed in the hypervariable C-terminal region, aligning with patterns seen in other serotypes. One isolate from an outbreak in 2021 displayed a unique three-codon deletion at positions 138-140, similar to deletions in serotype O viruses from Cambodia and Vietnam.

A species-independent indirect-ELISA for detection of antibodies to the non-structural protein 2B of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Diagnostic assays that are able to detect foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus infection in the vaccinated population are essential tools in the progressive control pathway for the FMD. However, testing of serum samples using a single diagnostic assay may not completely substantiate freedom from the virus infection. Therefore, viral non-structural proteins (NSPs)-based various serological assays have been developed for the detection of FMD infection.

Complete coding region sequence analyses and antigenic characterization of emerging lineage G-IX of foot- and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia1.

Foot-and-mouth disease Virus (FMDV) serotype Asia1 is prevalent in the Indian subcontinent, with only G-III and G-VIII reported in India until 2020. However, in 2019, a novel genetic group within serotype Asia1, designated as G-IX, emerged in Bangladesh, followed by its detection in India in 2020. This report presents analyses of the complete coding region sequences of the G-IX lineage isolates.

Estimation of foot-and-mouth disease virus sero-prevalence rates using novel computational approach for the susceptible bovine population in India during the period 2008-2021.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. In India, a vaccination-based official FMD control programme was started, which got expanded progressively to cover entire country in 2019. The serological tests are used to determine non-structural protein based sero-prevalence rates for properly implementing and assessing the control programme.

SLAM (CD150) receptor homologous peptides block the peste des petits ruminants virus entry into B95a cells.

The fusion of haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of peste des petits ruminant (PPR) virus with signaling lymphocyte activation molecules (SLAM) host cell receptor consequences the virus entry and multiplication inside the host cell. The use of synthetic SLAM homologous peptides (i.e.

A reverse transcription-multiplex PCR strategy devised for concomitant detection and differentiation of foot and mouth disease virus serotypes O, A and Asia 1 in India.

Serotype identification occupies the central part of foot and mouth disease (FMD) diagnosis workflow and vaccination decision tree. In this study, a reverse transcription-multiplex PCR (RT-mPCR) strategy wherein three assays with unique combinations of serotype specific primers targeting the VP1 region was developed to differentiate FMD virus serotypes O, A and Asia 1 based on differential size of the PCR amplicons on agarose gel. Their diagnostic performance relative to the mPCR assay in use in India was evaluated on 169 clinical samples and 210 cell culture grown virus isolates.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O Exhibits Phenomenal Genetic Lineage Diversity in India during 2018-2022.

In India, widespread foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks occurred in 2021. The objective of this study was to identify genetic lineages and evaluate the antigenic relationships of FMD virus (FMDV) isolates gathered from outbreaks reported between 2019 and 2022. Our study shows that the lineages O/ME-SA/Ind2001e and the O/ME-SA/Cluster-2018 were both responsible for the FMD outbreaks on an epidemic scale during 2021.

Development of TaqMan Probe-Based One-Step RT-qPCR Assay Targeting 2B-NSP Coding Region for Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in India.

A one-step TaqMan probe-based RT-qPCR assay in the duplex format simultaneously targeting FMD Virus (FMDV) 2B NSP-coding region and 18S rRNA housekeeping gene was developed and evaluated. The duplex RT-qPCR assay specifically detected FMDV genome in both infected cell culture suspensions and a variety of clinical samples such as FMD-affected tongue/feet epithelium, oral/nasal swabs, milk and oro-pharyngeal fluids. The RT-qPCR assay was found to be highly sensitive, since the assay was 10-fold more sensitive than the traditional FMDV detecting antigen-ELISA (Ag-ELISA) and 10-fold better sensitive than both virus isolation and agarose gel-based RT-multiplex PCR.

Novel pan-lineage VP1 specific degenerate primers for precise genetic characterization of serotype O foot and mouth disease virus circulating in India.

Analysis of the VP1 gene sequence of the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is critical to understanding viral evolution and disease epidemiology. A standard set of primers have been used for the detection and sequence analysis of the VP1 gene of FMDV directly from suspected clinical samples with limited success. The study validated VP1-specific degenerate primer-based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the qualitative detection and sequencing of serotype O FMDV lineages circulating in India.

Emergence of a novel genetic lineage 'A/ASIA/G-18/2019' of foot and mouth disease virus serotype A in India: A challenge to reckon with.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) has engendered large scale socioeconomic crises on numerous occasions owing to its extreme contagiousness, transboundary nature, complicated epidemiology, negative impact on productivity, trade embargo, and need for intensive surveillance and expensive control measures. Emerging FMD virus variants have been predicted to have originated and spread from endemic Pool 2, native to South Asia, to other parts of the globe. In this study, 26 Indian serotype A isolates sampled between the year 2015 and 2022 were sequenced for the VP1 region.

Diagnostic application of formalin fixed archived tissues for detection of foot-and-mouth disease.

Early and definitive disease diagnosis is critical for effective disease control. 50% buffered glycerine is commonly used viral transport medium, which is not always available and required cold chain. Tissues samples archived in 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF) can preserve nucleic acid that can be used in molecular studies and disease diagnosis.

Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O and development of a sandwich ELISA for virus antigen detection.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in India with a majority of outbreaks caused by FMD virus (FMDV) serotype O. In the present study a panel of eight (2F9, 2G10, 3B9, 3H5, 4C8, 4D6, 4G10 and 5B6) mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were developed against FMDV serotype O Indian vaccine strain, O/IND/R2/75 via hybridoma systems. The MAbs generated were FMDV/O specific without cross-reactivity against FMDV type A and Asia 1.

Foot-and-mouth disease status in India during the second decade of the twenty-first century (2011-2020).

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major disease of livestock in India and causes huge economic losses. The formal FMD control program started in 2003-04 in selected districts and was gradually expanded. The present study provides a descriptive review of the FMD outbreaks, prevalent serotypes, and genetic and antigenic features of the FMD virus (FMDV) that circulated in the country between 2011 and 2020.

Development and characterization of mouse monoclonal antibodies to canine morbillivirus.

Canine morbillivirus is a highly contagious multi-host pathogen with high morbidity and mortality. Timely diagnosis is of utmost importance to effectively control such a dreadful disease. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) serve as a high throughput diagnostics and applied tools for research and development (R&D).

Canine morbillivirus (CDV): a review on current status, emergence and the diagnostics.

The increasing host range of canine morbillivirus (CDV) affecting important wildlife species such as Lions, Leopard, and Red Pandas has raised the concern. Canine distemper is a pathogen of dogs affecting the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. Seventeen lineages of CDV are reported, and the eighteenth lineage was proposed in 2019 from India.

Impact of mass vaccination on the spatiotemporal dynamics of FMD outbreaks in India, 2008-2016.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in India, where circulation of serotypes O, A and Asia1 is frequent. Here, we provide an epidemiological assessment of the ongoing mass vaccination programs in regard to post-vaccination monitoring and outbreak occurrence. The objective of this study was assessing the contribution of mass vaccination campaigns in reducing the risk of FMD in India from 2008 to 2016 by evaluating sero-monitoring data and modelling the spatiotemporal dynamics of reported outbreaks.

One-step SYBR green-based real-time RT-PCR assay for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus circulating in India.

Rapid, sensitive, and reliable laboratory detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection is essential for containing and controlling virus infection in any geographical area. In this report a SYBR green-based 3D-specific one-step real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) assay was developed for the pan-serotype detection of FMDV in India. The detection limit of the SYBR green-based rRT-PCR was 10 TCID/50 µl, which is 10 times more sensitive than the traditional agarose gel electrophoresis-based RT-multiplex PCR (RT-mPCR).

Replication competence of canine distemper virus in cell lines expressing signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) of goat, sheep and dog origin.

Cellular receptors play an important role in entry and cell to cell spread of morbillivirus infections. The cells expressing SLAM and Nectin-4 have been used for successful and efficient isolation of canine distemper virus (CDV) in high titre. There are several methods for generation of cells expressing receptor molecules.

Development and evaluation of a gold nanoparticle based Lateral Flow assay (LFA) strip test for detection of Brucella spp.

The widely used serodiagnostic test (RBPT, CFT, I-ELISA and FPA) for diagnosis of brucellosis cannot detect vertically infected or carrier animals that are seronegative, a persistent source of infection to other susceptible animals in the herd. For reducing transmission of disease within the herd, these animals must be detected using a rapid, sensitive, user friendly penside diagnostic test. In the present study, Lateral Flow immunoassay (LFA) strip test was developed for detection of Brucellaspp.

Development of a process for upscaling and production of thermotolerant Peste-des-petits ruminants vaccine.

Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing Peste-des-petits-ruminants (PPR), an important disease of small ruminant population. The thermolabile nature of PPR vaccine poses a major constraint in shipping, storage and its successful application. In view of limited thermotolerance of PPR virus and ongoing global PPR control and eradication program, development of a thermotolerant PPR vaccine was tried using a novel lyophilization protocol and improved thermostabilization.