Comparing the effectiveness of twine- and binder-seeding in the Laminariales species and .

The continuing expansion of seaweed cultivation could assist in ensuring future global food security. The Laminariales species and are each cultivated for food across their European ranges. The predominant method for cultivating European kelps involves growing juveniles on twine within a hatchery which is then deployed at a farm site.

Interaction of conspecific cues in Balanus amphitrite Darwin (Cirripedia) settlement assays: continued argument for the single-larva assay.

Gregariousness in marine invertebrate larvae is an important regulator of benthic community structure. Previous laboratory settlement assays employing Balanus amphitrite Darwin cyprids found gregarious effects with as few as 3 larvae well(-1), together with modulation of such effects by chemical cues. Here, the relationship between settlement rate and larval density was rigorously tested through a fully randomised design.