Leptospirosis in humans and animals in Malaysia: A review from 1976 to 2023.

Leptospirosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease that remains under-reported and misdiagnosed, particularly in tropical regions such as Malaysia. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of leptospirosis cases in humans and animals in Malaysia from 1976 to 2023, examining trends in prevalence, outbreak patterns, diagnostic advancements, and associated risk factors. The disease is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or indirectly via contaminated water and soil, with rodents serving as a major reservoir.

Screening of in swine workers of selected states in Peninsular Malaysia.

Background And Aim: is a zoonotic pathogen that is highly associated with contact between live pigs and raw pig material. In view of the recent reports of human infections in Malaysia, epidemiological data on the status of in the human population, especially among people working closely with pigs and/or raw pork, should be provided. The aim of this study was to detect among individuals working in the swine industry in several major pig production areas in Peninsular Malaysia.

Chromogenic hybridization technique for detecting porcine circovirus 3 in lung and lymphoid tissues.

Background And Aim: Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) was recently reported in Malaysian commercial pig population in 2020 by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), revealing a molecular prevalence of 17.02% in the sampled domestic pig population. This study aims to describe a chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH) technique using digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled cloned PCV3 open reading frame 1 (ORF1) fragment DNA to detect and localize the PCV3 antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung, and lymphoid tissue specimens.

Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of () of () Isolates in Central State of Peninsular Malaysia.

, the etiological agent of Glässer's disease, is an economically significant pathogen commonly associated with serofibrinous polyserositis, arthritis, fibrinous bronchopneumonia and/or meningitis. This study is the first attempt to molecularly characterize and provide a detailed overview of the genetic variants of present in Malaysia, in reference to its serotype, virulence-associated trimeric autotransporters () gene and outer membrane protein P2 () gene. The isolates ( = 11) from clinically sick field samples collected from two major pig producing states (Selangor and Perak) were selected for analysis.

Genotype Shift of Malaysian Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) from PCV2b to PCV2d within a Decade.

This paper aims to update the molecular status of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in Malaysia. Firstly, the molecular detection rate of PCV2 in farm and sampled pig population were reported to be 83.78% (31/37 farms) and 83.

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Avium Complex Investigation among Malaysian Free-Ranging Wild Boar and Wild Macaques at Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface.

Wild animals are considered reservoirs, contributing to the transmission of emerging zoonotic diseases such as tuberculosis (TB). A cross-sectional study was conducted by opportunistic sampling from fresh carcasses of free-ranging wild boar ( = 30), and free-ranging wild macaques ( = 42). Stained smears from these tissues were tested for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) with Ziehl-Neelsen staining.

Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex antibodies in free-ranged wild boar and wild macaques in selected districts in Selangor and reevaluation of tuberculosis serodetection in captive Asian elephants in Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory and zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members, affecting several domestic animals, wildlife species and humans. The preliminary investigation was aimed to detect antibody against MTBC among indigenous wildlife which are free-ranged wild boar, free-ranged wild macaques and captive Asian elephants in selected areas of Selangor and elephant conservation centre in Pahang, respectively. The results indicate that MTBC serodetection rate in wild boar was 16.

Animal Coronavirus Diseases: Parallels with COVID-19 in Humans.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus in humans, has expanded globally over the past year. COVID-19 remains an important subject of intensive research owing to its huge impact on economic and public health globally. Based on historical archives, the first coronavirus-related disease recorded was possibly animal-related, a case of feline infectious peritonitis described as early as 1912.

What do we know about porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) diagnosis so far?: A review.

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) was first discovered in 2016, almost concomitantly by two groups of researchers in the United States. The novel case was reported in a group of sows with chronic reproductive problems with clinical presentation alike porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), where metagenomic sequencing revealed a genetically divergent porcine circovirus designated PCV3. The discovery of PCV3 in a PDNS case, which used to be considered as part of PCVAD attributed to PCV2 (porcine circovirus 2), has garnered attention and effort in further research of the novel virus.

complex in wildlife: Review of current applications of antemortem and postmortem diagnosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory and zoonotic disease caused by complex (MTBC) members, which affects various domestic animals, wildlife, and humans. Some wild animals serve as reservoir hosts in the transmission and epidemiology of the disease. Therefore, the monitoring and surveillance of both wild and domestic hosts are critical for prevention and control strategies.

First molecular detection and complete sequence analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) in Peninsular Malaysia.

Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a newly emerging virus in the swine industry, first reported recently in 2016. PCV3 assembles into a 2000 bp circular genome; slightly larger than PCV1 (1758-1760 bp), PCV2 (1766-1769 bp) and PCV4 (1770 bp). Apart from being associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), PCV3 has been isolated from pigs with clinical signs of reproductive failures, myocarditis, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) and neurologic disease.

Molecular epidemiology of Clostridium difficile isolated from piglets.

Information on the epidemiology of C. difficile infection (CDI) in South-East Asian countries is limited, as is data on possible animal reservoirs of C. difficile in the region.

Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Isolated from Swine Farms in Malaysia.

The high prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing associated with nosocomial infections has caused serious therapeutic challenges. The objectives of this study were to determine the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of strains isolated from Malaysian swine farms and the transferability of ESBL genes by plasmids. A total of 50 strains were isolated from 389 samples, which were collected from healthy and unhealthy pigs (swine rectum and oral cavities), healthy farmers (human rectum, urine, and nasal cavities), farm's environment, and animal feeds from seven Malaysian swine farms.

The emergence of colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains from swine in Malaysia.

Objective: Colistin is the last line of therapy for infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. The objective of this study was to determine the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) isolated from swine samples in Malaysia.

Chicken feather valorization by thermal alkaline pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis for protein-rich hydrolysate production.

A huge amount of feathers is generated as a waste every year. Feathers can be a protein source if it is treated with an appropriate method. The present study investigates feasibility of autoclave alkaline and microwave alkaline pretreatments to be combined with enzymatic treatment for feather solubilization and protein production.

Occurrence of virulent multidrug-resistant and in the pigs, farmers and farm environments in Malaysia.

Background: and are ubiquitous opportunistic pathogens found in the guts of humans and farmed animals. This study aimed to determine the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, biofilm-forming ability and genotypes of and from swine farms. Correlations between the genotypes, virulotypes, antibiotic resistance, and the environmental factors such as locality of farms and farm hygiene practice were explored.

First molecular detection of porcine bocavirus in Malaysia.

Several strains of porcine bocaviruses have been reported worldwide since their first detection in Sweden in 2009. Subsequently, the virus has been reported to be associated with gastrointestinal and respiratory signs in weaner and grower pigs. Although Malaysia is host to a self-sufficient swine livestock industry, there is no study that describes porcine bocavirus in the country.

Genetic diversity, virulotyping and antimicrobial resistance susceptibility of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from pigs and porcine products in Malaysia.

Background: The objectives of the present study were to determine the antimicrobial resistance, virulotypes and genetic diversity of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from uncooked porcine food and live pigs in Malaysia.

Results: Thirty-two non-repeat Y. enterocolitica strains of three bioserotypes (3 variant/O:3, n = 27; 1B/O:8, n = 3; 1A/O:5, n = 2) were analysed.

Antimicrobial susceptibility of spp. isolated from environmental, human and animal sources in Malaysia.

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis with worldwide distribution caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of isolates obtained from different hosts. A total of 65 Leptospira isolates from humans (n = 1), zoonoses (rat, n = 60; dog, n = 1; swine, n = 1) and environment (n = 2) were tested against six antibiotics.

Phylogenetic characterization of genes encoding for viral envelope glycoprotein (ORF5) and nucleocapsid protein (ORF7) of porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome virus found in Malaysia in 2013 and 2014.

Background: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most expensive diseases of modern swine production & results in annual economic losses and cost the industry over 600 million USD in U.S. alone and billions of dollars worldwide.

Observation of risk factors, clinical manifestations and genetic characterization of recent Newcastle Disease Virus outbreak in West Malaysia.

Background: Newcastle disease virus remains a constant threat in commercial poultry farms despite intensive vaccination programs. Outbreaks attributed to ND can escalate and spread across farms and states contributing to major economic loss in poultry farms.

Results: Phylogenetic analysis in our study showed that eleven of the samples belonged to genotype VIId.