Is active commuting associated with metabolic syndrome in adults, adolescents, and children? a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aims: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing annually across all age groups, raising the risk of morbidity, mortality, diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adults, adolescents, and children. Active commuting (AC) provides an opportunity to increase physical activity and reduce the MetS risk. The purpose of this study was to synthesize the available evidence on the prevalence of MetS and MetS risk factors in relation to AC vs non-active commuting among adults, adolescents, and children.

Active Commuting to School among Spanish Preschool Children: A Temporal Change Study between 2013 and 2017.

Background: Active commuting to school may increase the total daily physical activity and achieve health benefits among preschool children. Rates of active commuting to school among Spanish children and adolescents have been widely analysed, while the rates of active commuting to school among Spanish preschool children are unknown.

Aim: The main objective of this study was to examine the changes in the rates of active commuting to school in a sample of Spanish preschool children between 3 and 6 years old from 2013 to 2017.

Convergent Validation of a Self-Reported Commuting to and from School Diary in Spanish Adolescents.

Unlabelled: The aim of this study was to examine the convergent validity of self-reported diary times for commuting to and from school with device-measured positional data (Global Positioning System; GPS) in Spanish adolescents.

Methods: Cross-sectional data were obtained from four Spanish public secondary schools in 2021, comprising 47 adolescents and 141 home-school and school-home trips. Participants self-reported the time they left and arrived at home and school through a commuting diary.

Higher independent mobility to school among adolescents: A secondary analysis using cross-sectional data between 2010 and 2017 in Spanish youth.

Aim: To describe and to analyse the associations between independent mobility to school (IM) with gender and age in Spanish youth aged 6-18 years old from 2010 to 2017. Moreover, to study the changes in the rates of IM from 2010 to 2017 by gender and age.

Methods: Cross-sectional data were obtained from 11 Spanish studies.

The Effect of a School-Based Intervention on Children's Cycling Knowledge, Mode of Commuting and Perceived Barriers: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The low rates of active commuting to/from school in Spain, especially by bike, and the wide range of cycling interventions in the literature show that this is a necessary research subject. The aims of this study were: (1) to assess the feasibility of a school-based cycling intervention program for adolescents, (2) to analyse the effectiveness of a school-based cycling intervention program on the rates of cycling and other forms of active commuting to/from school (ACS), and perceived barriers to active commuting in adolescents. A total of 122 adolescents from Granada, Jaén and Valencia (Spain) participated in the study.

Preliminary Results of a Bicycle Training Course on Adults' Environmental Perceptions and Their Mode of Commuting.

This study was designed to analyze the effects of a bicycle training course on both adults' environmental perceptions and their mode of commuting. Four bicycle training courses for adults were conducted in Granada, Spain in April 2015 and May 2016. The course program was focused on developing practical skills and attitudes on road.

A School-Based Randomized Controlled Trial to Promote Cycling to School in Adolescents: The PACO Study.

This manuscript describes the rationale and protocol of a school-based randomized controlled trial called "Cycling and Walk to School" (PACO, by its Spanish acronym) that aims to promote cycling to and from school and physical activity (PA) in adolescents. This study will examine the effects of this intervention in cycling and active commuting to and from school (ACS), PA and several ACS-related factors based on self-determination theory (SDT) and a social-ecological model (SEM). A total of 360 adolescents attending six high schools (three experimental and three control) from three Spanish cities will participate in this randomized controlled trial.

Active commuting to school among 36,781 Spanish children and adolescents: A temporal trend study.

This study examines trends in the rates of active commuting to school (ACS) in Spanish children (n = 18 343; 8.93 ± 1.68) and adolescents (n = 18 438; 14.

Different neighborhood walkability indexes for active commuting to school are necessary for urban and rural children and adolescents.

Background: Literature focusing on youth has reported limited evidence and non-conclusive associations between neighborhood walkability measures and active commuting to and from school (ACS). Moreover, there is a lack of studies evaluating both macro- and micro-scale environmental factors of the neighborhood when ACS is analyzed. Likewise, most studies on built environment attributes and ACS focus on urban areas, whereas there is a lack of studies analyzing rural residential locations.