The heart and HIV therapy: exploring the dual cardiovascular impact of antiretroviral treatment - a narrative review.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a primary global health concern, affecting an estimated 38 million individuals as of 2023. While HIV is best known for its immunosuppressive effects, its cardiovascular implications are equally significant. HIV infection contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD) through chronic immune activation, systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and coagulopathy.